Slow lorises are small, nocturnal primates native to the rainforests of South and Southeast Asia. These wide-eyed creatures may appear endearing, yet they possess a unique, dangerous venomous bite. This rare mammalian trait allows them to deliver a potent compound, posing a risk to animals and humans.
Understanding Slow Loris Venom
Slow loris venom is a sophisticated two-step system, originating from a modified sebaceous gland on their upper arm, known as the brachial gland. This gland produces an oily exudate which, when combined with saliva, activates into a toxic compound. The primary protein component of this venom shows remarkable similarity to the Fel d 1 protein, a common allergen found in cat dander, which can trigger allergic reactions in humans.
For humans, a slow loris bite can lead to a range of symptoms, from localized pain, swelling, and tissue decay to more severe systemic reactions. In sensitive individuals, particularly those with existing allergies, exposure to the venom can provoke anaphylactic shock, a life-threatening allergic response. In their natural habitat, slow lorises primarily use this venom for intraspecific competition, such as territorial disputes or conflicts over mates. It also serves as a deterrent against predators and as a defense against parasites, with females sometimes grooming their offspring with the venom for protection.
How Slow Lorises Deliver Their Venom
Slow lorises deliver their venom through a distinctive method. When threatened, they raise their arms above their heads, allowing them to lick the brachial gland located on their upper arm. This action mixes the gland’s secretion with their saliva, forming the active venomous cocktail.
The toxic mixture is then transferred to their specialized toothcomb, which consists of modified lower incisors. These grooved teeth act like needles, enabling the loris to inject the venom directly into a target during a bite. This direct inoculation effectively delivers the potent compound.
Behavioral Context of Bites
Slow lorises are shy, reclusive nocturnal animals that prefer to avoid confrontation. Bites occur as a defensive response when they feel stressed, threatened, or cornered. Their natural instinct is to be still and avoid detection, but if this fails, they will use their venomous bite as a last resort.
Situations that might provoke a bite include direct handling, being startled, or feeling trapped in an unfamiliar environment. Because of their territorial nature, they may also bite to defend their space or resources from perceived intruders, including other slow lorises. While bite severity varies, the venom makes any bite a medical concern.
Slow Lorises in the Pet Trade
Many human encounters with slow loris bites stem from the illegal pet trade. These animals are often captured from the wild due to their perceived “cuteness,” which has been amplified by social media. Their journey from the wild to captivity is often traumatic, with high mortality rates due to stress and poor conditions.
To prevent bites and make them appear “tame” for buyers, traders frequently remove the slow lorises’ teeth using crude methods like nail clippers or pliers, without anesthesia. This practice causes immense pain, often leading to severe infections and even death. Even if they survive, tooth removal prevents proper feeding or defense, making release into the wild impossible. Keeping slow lorises as pets is illegal in many countries and contributes to their endangerment.