A seed appears inert, a small, dried package, yet it holds the potential for a new plant. This apparent stillness belies a dynamic state, making the question of whether a seed is alive or dead more nuanced than a simple yes or no.
The Seed’s State of Life
Seeds are indeed alive, though they exist in a unique state often described as suspended animation. This condition is known as dormancy, a period of minimal metabolic activity where growth and development are temporarily paused. Within the seed, a fully formed, living plant embryo is present, along with stored food reserves and genetic material. While metabolic processes occur at a significantly reduced rate, they are active enough to maintain viability. This dormant state allows seeds to survive unfavorable conditions until optimal germination.
Maintaining Seed Life
To remain viable, seeds benefit from specific environmental conditions during dormancy. Low moisture content is important, as excess water can trigger premature germination or lead to decay. Cool temperatures, ideally between 35°F and 40°F (2°C and 4°C), extend lifespan by slowing metabolic processes. Darkness also prevents light-induced germination cues and preserves energy reserves. Keeping seeds in airtight containers protects them from moisture fluctuations, pests, and oxygen, all contributing to deterioration.
Assessing Seed Viability
At-home tests can determine if a seed is still alive and capable of germinating. A common and reliable method is the paper towel germination test, which involves placing a small sample of seeds on a moistened paper towel, rolling it up, and then placing it in a plastic bag or container in a warm location. Over several days to weeks, depending on the seed type, viable seeds will begin to sprout. Counting the number of sprouted seeds provides an estimate of the viability percentage for the entire seed packet. While a float test is sometimes suggested, it is not consistently accurate for all seed types and should be used with caution.
When a Seed is No Longer Alive
A seed is considered no longer alive when its internal structures are damaged, or it has lost metabolic activity and germination capacity. Factors that lead to seed death include exposure to extreme temperatures, prolonged periods of high humidity, or physical damage. Excessive moisture can also cause seeds to rot or succumb to fungal diseases. Over time, even under ideal storage conditions, a seed’s stored energy reserves can deplete, or its cellular components can degrade. Signs of a dead seed might include a mushy or moldy texture, a hollow feel, or a complete lack of response to viability tests.