Scented candles are popular for creating a pleasant atmosphere, but parents must consider indoor air quality and infant safety. Introducing elements involving combustion and fragrance raises important questions because infants’ developing bodies are uniquely sensitive to airborne pollutants. This article examines the science behind scented candle emissions to help parents make informed decisions about their use in a home with a baby.
The Chemical Components of Concern
Burning scented candles introduces a mix of airborne substances into the home environment. The primary components of concern are ultrafine particulate matter and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Particulate matter is generated by the incomplete combustion of the wax and wick, especially when the wick is untrimmed or the candle burns too quickly. These solid particles are extremely small and can penetrate deep into the lungs.
Candles also release a variety of VOCs, which are gases that evaporate at room temperature and contribute to indoor air pollution. These gases are released from the wax and, more significantly, from the synthetic fragrances used to scent the candle. Studies have identified concerning VOCs, such as benzene and toluene, which are known to be toxic chemicals. The concentration of these emissions increases when candles are burned in poorly ventilated spaces.
Impact on Infant Respiratory Health
Infants possess a heightened physiological vulnerability to the irritants released by burning candles. Their respiratory systems are still developing, and their airways are smaller and more sensitive than those of adults, making them more susceptible to irritation and inflammation from airborne particles and gases.
Babies breathe at a faster rate relative to their body size, inhaling a greater volume of air pollutants per pound of body weight compared to adults. Exposure to particulate matter and VOCs can irritate the lining of the nose, throat, and lungs, triggering coughing, sneezing, or breathing difficulties. For infants with a family history of asthma or allergies, exposure to fragrant products can contribute to respiratory distress or increase the risk of allergy sensitization. It is advised to keep a newborn’s sleeping area free from such irritants while their lungs are developing.
Comparing Wax and Scent Types
The composition of the candle material directly influences the amount and type of emissions produced. Conventional candles are often made from paraffin wax, a byproduct of petroleum refining. When burned, paraffin wax tends to produce more soot and release a higher concentration of VOCs.
Plant-based waxes, such as soy, coconut, or beeswax, are considered cleaner-burning alternatives. These natural waxes produce significantly less soot and fewer harmful emissions than paraffin. The scent source is also an important factor; synthetic fragrances often contain complex chemicals, including phthalates, which can be irritating. While candles scented with pure essential oils are sometimes preferred, even natural essential oils are highly concentrated chemicals that can be potent irritants for infants.
Safer Alternatives and Usage Guidelines
For parents prioritizing their baby’s health, shifting toward non-combustion methods is a practical approach to home scenting. High-quality electric diffusers using specific, diluted essential oils offer fragrance without the particulate matter from a flame. Candle warmers are another option, as they melt the wax to release scent without burning it, thus avoiding combustion byproducts.
If choosing to burn a candle, proper usage and selection are important guidelines to minimize risk. Following these steps can significantly reduce the exposure to harmful emissions:
- Ensure the room is well-ventilated by opening a window or door when a candle is burning.
- Limit the time the candle is lit.
- Keep the candle physically far from the baby’s immediate breathing space.
- Look for candles made from 100% natural waxes, such as soy or beeswax.
- Opt for unscented varieties or those scented only with natural oils, avoiding synthetic fragrances and dyes.