Whether red squirrels are endangered is a common question, and the answer is not simple. Their conservation status varies significantly depending on the specific species and geographic location. Understanding the factors at play reveals a nuanced picture of their survival.
Distinguishing Red Squirrel Species
The term “red squirrel” refers to two distinct species: the North American Red Squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) and the Eurasian Red Squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris). The North American Red Squirrel is found across Canada, much of Alaska, the Rocky Mountain states, and the northeastern United States. The Eurasian Red Squirrel inhabits forests throughout Europe and northern Asia, extending from the British Isles to Japan.
North American Red Squirrel Status
The North American Red Squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) is widespread and considered “Least Concern.” This species thrives across its extensive range, adapting to various forest types including coniferous, deciduous, and mixed woodlands. Its stable population is attributed to its adaptability and the abundance of suitable habitat across North America.
Eurasian Red Squirrel Regional Vulnerabilities
While the Eurasian Red Squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) is classified as “Least Concern” globally, its status is more precarious in certain regions, particularly in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and parts of Italy. In these areas, the species faces significant threats and is designated as “Endangered” or “Near Threatened,” experiencing local extinctions. This decline is largely due to the introduction of the invasive North American Grey Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) in the 19th century.
Grey squirrels outcompete native red squirrels for food and habitat due to their larger size, more aggressive nature, and broader diet. They are also more efficient foragers and can consume unripe foods like acorns, which red squirrels cannot digest, giving them a competitive edge during lean periods. Grey squirrels also carry the squirrel pox virus, which is often fatal to red squirrels.
The squirrel pox virus causes severe symptoms in red squirrels, including skin lesions, leading to lethargy and death within weeks. Grey squirrels are immune to the virus and act as carriers, spreading it through contact or contaminated feeding sites. Beyond these biological threats, habitat loss and fragmentation due to urbanization and agricultural expansion also contribute to the red squirrel’s decline. This leads to isolated populations, making them more vulnerable to disease and reducing genetic diversity.
Conservation Actions
Conservation efforts are underway to protect the Eurasian Red Squirrel. A primary strategy involves managing grey squirrel populations, particularly in designated “red squirrel refuges” or strongholds. This management includes targeted control programs to reduce grey squirrel numbers, creating space for red squirrels to thrive. Reintroductions and translocations of red squirrels into areas where grey squirrels have been removed are also part of these efforts.
Habitat management is another important component, focusing on protecting existing woodlands and creating new, suitable habitats. This involves ensuring a continuous supply of diverse food sources, such as conifer seeds, and maintaining woodland connectivity to allow red squirrels to move safely between areas. Efforts are also made to avoid felling trees during red squirrel breeding seasons to minimize disturbance.
Disease monitoring and research are ongoing to better understand and combat the squirrel pox virus. While a vaccine for squirrel pox is being explored, current efforts focus on preventing transmission through hygiene at feeding stations and rapid response to outbreaks. Public awareness campaigns and citizen science initiatives also play a significant role, encouraging people to report sightings of both red and grey squirrels and supporting local conservation groups. These combined actions aim to safeguard the future of the Eurasian Red Squirrel.