The concern about the extinction of red ladybugs is a common one, frequently appearing in public discourse. This article aims to clarify the current status of red ladybug populations, exploring the challenges faced by native species and outlining ways individuals can contribute to their conservation.
The Current Status of Red Ladybugs
Red ladybugs are not extinct. There are over 5,000 known species of ladybugs worldwide, with about 450 species found in North America, and many of these exhibit red or orange coloration. The public perception of their disappearance often stems from a confusion between common, widespread species and the decline of certain native red ladybug populations. For instance, the Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle (Harmonia axyridis), an invasive species often red or orange with varying black spots, is highly prevalent and frequently mistaken for native red ladybugs.
This species can have an “M” or “W” shaped marking behind its head, distinguishing it from many native types. While the overall number of ladybugs in certain regions may not be declining, the diversity of native species is undergoing significant changes. Some native species, such as the Nine-spotted ladybug (Coccinella novemnotata) and the Two-spotted ladybug (Adalia bipunctata), which were once common across North America, have become increasingly rare. The Seven-spotted ladybug (Coccinella septempunctata), originally from Europe, is another common red species now widely established.
Why Native Ladybug Populations Have Declined
The decline of native ladybug species is a complex issue driven by several interconnected ecological factors. Habitat loss is a primary contributor, as urbanization, agricultural expansion, and the degradation of natural areas like wetlands and heathlands reduce the suitable environments where native ladybug communities can thrive. Such changes disrupt the delicate balance these insects rely on for food and shelter.
Another significant threat comes from widespread pesticide use. These chemicals indiscriminately harm ladybugs and other beneficial insects, even when targeting specific pests. Pesticides also diminish primary food sources for ladybugs, such as aphids, which indirectly starves them. This creates a cycle where fewer ladybugs lead to increased pest problems, prompting more pesticide use.
The introduction of invasive ladybug species, particularly the Harlequin ladybug (Harmonia axyridis), has also played a substantial role in the struggles of native populations. These non-native species were originally brought in for biological pest control but have become aggressive competitors. Harlequin ladybugs are often larger and more efficient predators, outcompeting native species for limited food resources like aphids. They also engage in intraguild predation, preying on the eggs and larvae of native ladybugs, further reducing their numbers.
Supporting Local Ladybug Species
Individuals can take several practical steps to help native ladybug populations flourish in their local environments. Creating ladybug-friendly habitats is an effective way to provide them with necessary resources. Planting a variety of native flowers and herbs, such as yarrow, dill, cilantro, fennel, cosmos, marigolds, and sweet alyssum, offers essential pollen and nectar sources while also attracting aphids, a primary food source for ladybugs. Providing shallow water sources, like dishes filled with small stones or damp paper towels, ensures ladybugs have access to hydration.
Offering shelter is equally important for ladybugs throughout their life cycle and for overwintering. Low-growing groundcover plants, layers of mulch, and leaf litter provide natural hiding spots. Simple DIY ladybug houses constructed from materials like rolled cardboard, hollow stems, or straw-filled containers can also offer refuge. Delaying the cutting back of old plant stems until spring allows ladybugs to safely hibernate within them.
Reducing synthetic pesticide use is important, as these chemicals harm beneficial insects like ladybugs and disrupt the natural pest control they provide. Allowing some aphid presence on designated “decoy” plants can ensure a consistent food supply, attracting ladybugs to the area without compromising other desired plants. Participating in citizen science initiatives, such as “The Lost Ladybug Project,” allows individuals to contribute valuable data on ladybug sightings and population changes, directly aiding scientific research and conservation efforts.