Rattlesnakes are present across Texas, a state known for its diverse ecosystems. Understanding their characteristics and how to safely coexist is important for residents and visitors.
Presence and Distribution Across Texas
Rattlesnakes are found throughout all regions of Texas, adapting to diverse environments including deserts, mountains, grasslands, forests, and coastal plains. The state’s varied habitats, warm climate, and abundant prey create suitable conditions for them to thrive.
Encounters are not limited to remote wilderness. They can occur in rural, suburban, and urban fringe areas where natural habitats intersect with human populations. This widespread distribution means Texans in many locales may encounter these snakes.
Key Rattlesnake Species in Texas
Texas hosts at least 10 rattlesnake species. Several are commonly encountered or notable.
The Western Diamondback Rattlesnake (`Crotalus atrox`) is the most widespread venomous snake in Texas, found in nearly all areas except the far eastern and northern Panhandle. These snakes typically range from 3.5 to 4.5 feet, reaching up to 7 feet, with brown, diamond-shaped patterns and black and white tail bands.
The Timber Rattlesnake (`Crotalus horridus`), also known as the Canebrake Rattlesnake, is a large, heavy-bodied snake averaging 4.5 feet, some exceeding 5 feet. It is typically brown or tan with wide, dark crossbands and an entirely black tail. Timber rattlesnakes primarily inhabit the eastern third of Texas, often in wooded areas and near water.
The Prairie Rattlesnake (`Crotalus viridis`) is a slender species, about 3 feet long, with greenish or grayish coloration and rounded blotches. It is common in the grassy plains of the western third of the state, including the Panhandle. The Mojave Rattlesnake (`Crotalus scutulatus`) resembles the Western Diamondback but is smaller and more slender, found primarily in extreme West Texas. Some Mojave rattlesnakes have a greenish hue and are known for potent neurotoxic venom.
Recognizing Rattlesnakes
Rattlesnakes possess several distinct features for identification. The most recognizable is the rattle, interlocking keratin segments at the tail’s end that produce a buzzing sound when vibrated. However, a rattlesnake may not always rattle, especially if startled, or a young snake may have only a small “button” instead of a fully developed rattle.
Rattlesnakes have a broad, triangular head, noticeably wider than their neck, due to venom glands behind the eyes. Their eyes feature vertical, elliptical pupils, and they possess heat-sensing pits between their nostril and eye. Body patterns often consist of mottled, earthy tones like browns, grays, and yellows, providing effective camouflage. Some non-venomous snakes can mimic these features, such as by flattening their heads when threatened, so never approach a snake to confirm its identity.
Coexisting Safely with Rattlesnakes
Coexisting safely with rattlesnakes requires adopting safety practices to minimize encounters. Around homes, maintain a tidy outdoor environment. Keeping grass short, trimming overgrown vegetation, and removing woodpiles, brush, or debris reduces potential hiding spots. Controlling rodent populations is also beneficial, as rodents are a primary food source, attracting snakes.
When outdoors, especially in natural areas, be vigilant. Wear appropriate footwear, such as stout leather boots, for protection. Always watch where you step and place your hands, avoiding unseen areas like crevices, logs, or thick brush. Stay on marked trails and use a flashlight at night to prevent surprise encounters.
If a rattlesnake is spotted, remain calm and give it ample space, ideally at least 6 feet. Do not provoke, handle, or try to kill the snake, as they only strike when threatened or surprised. Slowly back away to allow it to retreat.
In case of a rattlesnake bite, immediate emergency medical attention is essential. Call 911 or get to the nearest hospital. While waiting, remain calm and keep the bitten limb still and, if possible, below heart level to slow venom spread. Remove any constrictive clothing or jewelry from the bitten area, as swelling will occur. Do not apply a tourniquet, cut the wound, suck out venom, or apply ice, as these actions can worsen the outcome or cause further harm.