Rattlesnakes are present in Pennsylvania, with two distinct species: the Timber Rattlesnake and the Eastern Massasauga. Understanding these snakes is important for safety and conservation, even though encounters are not common for most residents.
Rattlesnake Species in Pennsylvania
The Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) is the larger species, typically 36 to 60 inches long. Its coloration varies, often showing brown or black bands on a yellow to black background, with some individuals being entirely black. They have a broad, triangular head and a rattle at the end of a black tail.
The Eastern Massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus) is smaller, generally 20 to 30 inches. This species has a light gray or brown body with large, dark blotches down its back and smaller spots along its sides. Its tail is ringed with dark brown or black, and its head has nine large scales. The Massasauga is federally threatened and endangered in Pennsylvania, making it illegal to harm or possess; the Timber Rattlesnake is also protected.
Where Rattlesnakes Live
Rattlesnakes inhabit specific environments in Pennsylvania. Timber Rattlesnakes are often found in mountainous or hilly deciduous forests with rocky outcroppings, ledges, and rock slides. They use south-facing rocky slopes for hibernation and basking. While historically widespread, current populations are primarily in remote, isolated areas like the Ridge and Valley Province, the Laurel Highlands, and mountainous Allegheny Plateau.
Eastern Massasaugas have a more restricted distribution, primarily in certain western counties. These smaller rattlesnakes prefer wetland habitats, such as poorly drained open areas, wet meadows, and old fields adjacent to wet environments. They utilize crayfish burrows or other fissures for hibernation. During warmer months, they may move to drier upland areas like fields or prairies.
Encountering a Rattlesnake
If you encounter a rattlesnake, remain calm and cautious. Venomous snakes, including rattlesnakes, have distinguishing features: a triangular head, vertical pupils, and a heat-sensing pit between the eye and nostril. Rattlesnakes also possess ridged scales. While a rattle is a clear indicator, they do not always make a sound before striking.
Maintain a safe distance, staying at least five feet away and slowly backing off. Do not provoke the snake by attempting to capture, kill, or throw objects, as this increases bite risk. Most snakebites occur when people try to handle or harass them. Alert others to the snake’s presence and keep children and pets away.
In the event of a rattlesnake bite, seek immediate medical attention by calling 911 or going to the nearest emergency room. While waiting, remain calm to slow venom spread. Keep the bitten body part below heart level, remove tight clothing or jewelry, and wash the bite with soap and water if possible, then cover it with a clean, dry dressing. Do not use tourniquets, cut the wound, suck venom, or apply ice, as these methods are ineffective and harmful. Describing the snake or taking a picture can assist medical professionals.