Rattlesnakes are found in Pennsylvania. These native reptiles are part of the state’s diverse ecosystem, playing a role in natural pest control. Understanding their presence, behaviors, and preferred habitats is important for safe coexistence. Knowing how to identify them and what to do if an encounter occurs helps ensure human safety and their conservation.
Rattlesnake Species in Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania is home to two species of rattlesnakes: the Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) and the Eastern Massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus). The Timber Rattlesnake is the larger of the two, typically measuring between 36 and 60 inches long, with a heavy-bodied appearance. Its conservation status in Pennsylvania has been a topic of discussion; while historically widespread, populations have declined in some areas, though it was removed from the state’s endangered species candidate list in 2016 due to recovering numbers.
The Eastern Massasauga is a smaller, more stout rattlesnake, generally ranging from 20 to 30 inches in length. This species is considerably rarer in Pennsylvania and is classified as both a state endangered species and federally threatened. Only a few isolated populations remain, primarily in western Pennsylvania, a reduction from its historical range.
Where Rattlesnakes Live
Rattlesnakes in Pennsylvania occupy distinct habitats. Timber Rattlesnakes prefer mountainous or hilly deciduous and mixed forests, often found near rocky outcroppings, steep ledges, and rock slides. They utilize south-facing rocky slopes for hibernacula (communal wintering dens), returning to the same sites annually. While males may travel further, pregnant females tend to remain closer to these rocky, open areas for basking. Timber rattlesnakes are found across much of the state, though they are less common in highly developed southeastern and western border regions.
The Eastern Massasauga inhabits specific wetland environments and adjacent drier uplands. These small rattlesnakes utilize low-lying, poorly drained open habitats, such as wet meadows and peat forests, especially in spring, fall, and winter. They rely on features like crayfish burrows for hibernation, which provide access to unfrozen groundwater. In late spring and summer, Massasaugas may move to nearby drier old fields, prairies, or meadows for foraging. Their limited distribution is primarily concentrated in western Pennsylvania, with few confirmed populations remaining.
Identifying Rattlesnakes
Identifying a rattlesnake involves recognizing distinct features, particularly for the Timber Rattlesnake, which is more commonly encountered. A triangular-shaped head, noticeably wider than its neck, is a characteristic trait of venomous pit vipers like rattlesnakes. They also possess elliptical pupils and heat-sensing pits between their eyes and nostrils. The most recognizable feature is the rattle, composed of hollow keratin segments, at the end of their tail.
Timber Rattlesnakes exhibit variable coloration, ranging from bright yellow to black, typically with dark brown or black chevron-like bands across their bodies. Some individuals may be entirely black. Distinguishing them from non-venomous snakes can be challenging, as some non-venomous species mimic their appearance or behavior. Non-venomous snakes in Pennsylvania generally have rounded pupils and lack the distinctive rattle. Their tails have two rows of scales on the underside, unlike the single row found on venomous snakes.
Encountering a Rattlesnake
Encountering a rattlesnake requires a calm and cautious approach. Maintaining a safe distance, at least six feet, is advised, as snakes can strike quickly if they feel threatened. If you see a rattlesnake, slowly back away and leave the area. Never provoke, harass, or attempt to handle a rattlesnake, even if it appears to be dead, as most bites occur when individuals try to interact with them.
Preventative measures reduce the likelihood of an encounter. When hiking in known rattlesnake habitats, wear high-topped, thick hiking boots for protection. Stay on marked trails and be aware of surroundings, especially when stepping over logs or rocks, or reaching into hidden areas, to avoid surprising a snake. While rattlesnakes can rattle as a warning, they do not always do so before striking. If a bite occurs, seek immediate medical attention. Do not attempt to cut the wound, suck out venom, or apply a tourniquet.