The Ranunculus genus, which includes ornamental flowers like ranunculus and the common wildflower buttercup, contains compounds toxic to humans and domestic animals. All parts of the fresh plant carry a degree of risk, though toxicity varies depending on the specific species and growth stage. The plant’s defensive chemistry activates when its tissues are damaged, determining the severity of exposure. These plants pose a hazard when fresh, but their toxicity is usually neutralized once they are dried.
The Chemical Compound Responsible for Toxicity
The toxicity of the Ranunculus species is attributed to ranunculin, a naturally occurring glycoside. Ranunculin itself is not toxic, but it acts as a precursor to the irritant compound, protoanemonin. When the plant is physically damaged, such as by chewing or crushing, an enzyme is released that rapidly converts ranunculin into protoanemonin.
Protoanemonin is a volatile, oily substance that is highly irritating and acts as a vesicant, causing blistering upon contact with skin or mucous membranes. This acrid oil causes the immediate burning sensation and bitter taste associated with ingestion, which often deters large consumption. Protoanemonin is chemically unstable and spontaneously breaks down into a non-toxic substance called anemonin when the plant is dried.
Recognizing Symptoms of Ingestion and Contact
The immediate, painful effects of protoanemonin generally limit the amount of plant material consumed, making severe systemic poisoning relatively uncommon.
Ingestion Symptoms
For pets, ingestion symptoms typically include gastrointestinal upset, such as vomiting, diarrhea, and excessive drooling. The caustic nature of the compound can also lead to the development of oral ulcers and blistering on the lips and inside the mouth. Humans who ingest the plant may experience abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting shortly after consumption. In rare cases involving large consumption, more severe symptoms, including dizziness, convulsions, or even paralysis, have been reported.
Contact Symptoms
Dermal exposure to the fresh sap or crushed leaves can cause irritant contact dermatitis, characterized by redness, swelling, and a burning sensation on the skin. This highly irritating nature is a concern, particularly for gardeners handling fresh plants. After prolonged exposure, contact can lead to the formation of blisters and a rash. The toxic oil can also be a serious irritant if it comes into contact with the eyes.
Immediate Steps Following Exposure
Should ingestion or significant contact with a fresh Ranunculus plant occur, prompt action is necessary to minimize potential harm. For human exposure, immediately contact Poison Control. For pets, contact a veterinarian or the Pet Poison Helpline immediately to assess the risk based on the animal’s size and the amount consumed.
If the exposure was dermal, thoroughly wash the affected area of skin with soap and water to remove any residual plant sap or oil. Avoid attempting to induce vomiting in a pet unless specifically instructed to do so by a medical or veterinary professional. For both humans and pets, monitor the exposed individual closely for any worsening symptoms, such as persistent vomiting, lethargy, or signs of severe blistering.
The simplest approach to manage risk is to practice prevention, especially in homes with young children or curious pets. This includes wearing gloves when handling fresh Ranunculus plants and ensuring the plants are placed in areas inaccessible to animals who might chew on the foliage.