Pilonidal cysts are a common skin condition, with over 70,000 cases reported annually in the U.S. They can cause discomfort, leading many to question their origins. This article explores their potential hereditary links and other contributing factors.
The Genetic Connection
Pilonidal cysts are not directly inherited like some genetic diseases, but a family history increases susceptibility. Research indicates that those with a family history of pilonidal disease are more likely to develop the condition. Studies show a significant percentage of individuals with pilonidal disease have a close family member, like a brother or father, who has also experienced the condition.
Genetics can influence anatomical features or skin characteristics that predispose individuals to these cysts. This includes inheriting traits such as coarse body hair, which increases the risk of ingrown hairs. Variations in body shape, such as a deeper natal cleft (the crease between the buttocks), can also be influenced by genetics, making one more prone to cyst formation. These predispositions highlight a genetic component that increases the likelihood of developing a pilonidal cyst.
Other Risk Factors
Beyond genetic predispositions, several non-genetic factors contribute to pilonidal cyst development. Prolonged sitting or an inactive lifestyle increases pressure and friction on the tailbone, forcing hair into the skin. The body treats this embedded hair as a foreign object, leading to cyst formation. Occupations like truck driving or office work, which involve extended sitting, carry a higher risk.
Body hair characteristics also play a role; individuals with excessive, coarse, or stiff body hair are more susceptible. Friction from tight clothing can irritate the skin and contribute to hair penetration. Obesity is another factor, as increased body weight can lead to a deeper natal cleft and more friction, creating an environment conducive to cyst formation and making hygiene more challenging. Poor hygiene can also increase the risk of infection once hair has penetrated the skin.
Understanding Pilonidal Cysts
A pilonidal cyst is a sac-like structure that typically forms at the top of the buttock crease, near the tailbone. The term “pilonidal” translates to “nest of hair,” reflecting the common finding of hair, skin debris, and fluid within these cysts. They can range in size from a small dimple to a large, swollen area.
While some pilonidal cysts may not cause any noticeable symptoms, they can become inflamed or infected. When infected, common symptoms include localized pain, which often worsens with sitting, and visible redness and swelling around the affected area. There may also be tenderness to the touch, and the cyst might drain pus or blood, sometimes accompanied by a foul odor. In more severe cases of infection, individuals might experience systemic symptoms like nausea or fever.