The relationship between pigeons and doves often causes confusion, with many wondering if they are distinct species. This highlights a common misunderstanding in how we classify animals in everyday language versus scientific classification. Exploring the biological realities behind these familiar birds clarifies their true connection.
One Family, Many Names
Scientifically, there is no strict distinction between a “pigeon” and a “dove.” Both terms are common names for birds belonging to the single biological family Columbidae, the only family within the order Columbiformes. This family encompasses over 300 species found worldwide. The terms are often used interchangeably, reflecting linguistic tradition rather than biological separation.
The Columbidae family includes diverse genera, such as Columba, featuring species typically called “pigeons,” and Streptopelia, which includes birds often referred to as “doves.” For instance, the common city pigeon, Columba livia, is also widely known as the rock dove. This overlap underscores that “pigeon” and “dove” are colloquial labels for members of the same avian family.
Understanding the Common Distinctions
Despite their scientific unity, common usage often distinguishes between pigeons and doves based on general perceptions. People tend to refer to smaller, more delicate-looking Columbidae members as “doves,” while larger, stouter birds are typically called “pigeons.” This size-based differentiation is a general tendency, though exceptions exist, such as the tiny diamond dove or the massive crowned pigeon.
Coloration also influences naming; white or lighter-colored birds are frequently associated with “dove,” particularly where they symbolize peace. In contrast, many “pigeons,” like the common rock pigeon, are often gray or have varied, sometimes iridescent, plumage. Urban dwellers are more likely to encounter “pigeons,” while “doves” might be associated with rural or backyard settings, though many species inhabit diverse environments.
Shared Traits of the Columbidae Family
Members of the Columbidae family share several distinct biological characteristics. These birds generally have stout bodies, small heads, short necks, and short, slender bills. Their anatomy includes large flight muscles, contributing to strong flying abilities. Most pigeons and doves are primarily herbivorous, feeding on seeds, fruits, and other plant matter, though some species may also consume insects.
A unique biological trait shared across the family is the production of “crop milk,” a nutrient-rich substance secreted from the crop lining in both male and female parents. This semi-solid, protein and fat-rich substance is regurgitated to feed their young, known as squabs, during their first few days. Pigeons and doves construct relatively simple, often flimsy nests using sticks and debris, typically placed in trees, on ledges, or occasionally on the ground. Their vocalizations are distinctive cooing sounds, varying among species and used for communication, including courtship and territorial displays.