Many anglers confuse walleye and pickerel, often believing they are the same species. Understanding their differences is important for proper identification and appreciating their unique biological traits.
Biological Relationship
Walleye and pickerel are not the same species; they belong to entirely separate fish families, indicating distinct evolutionary paths. Walleye (Sander vitreus) are members of the Percidae family, which includes perches and saugers. Pickerel, however, are part of the Esocidae family, commonly known as the pike family, which includes species like the chain, grass, and redfin pickerel. This familial separation results in fundamental differences in their anatomy, behavior, and genetics.
Identifying Features
Several observable characteristics allow for clear differentiation between walleye and pickerel.
Walleye have an elongated, cylindrical body, typically olive and gold with darker bars on their sides. A distinct white tip on the lower lobe of their tail fin is a reliable identifier.
Walleye have two distinct dorsal fins, the first often with a dark splotch. Their large, pearlescent eyes provide exceptional vision in low-light conditions. They possess a large mouth with sharp, canine-like teeth. Walleye can reach 42 inches and 29 pounds, though typical catches are 12 to 20 inches. They prefer cooler, deeper waters, often near submerged structures, moving to shallower areas at night to feed.
Pickerel also have elongated bodies but feature a flattened, “duck-billed” snout. Unlike walleye, they have only one dorsal fin, positioned far back near the tail. Their body patterns vary by species; chain pickerel have a dark, chain-like pattern, grass pickerel have irregular dark bars, and redfin pickerel have brightly colored red fins. Pickerel are smaller than walleye, with grass pickerel typically under 12 inches and chain pickerel averaging 24 inches and 3 pounds. They prefer shallow, sluggish waters with abundant vegetation, where they ambush prey.
Why the Mix-Up?
Confusion between walleye and pickerel is due to overlapping geographic distributions and regional variations in common names. Both inhabit freshwater bodies across North America, often in similar fishing areas. While they share an elongated body and predatory nature, these resemblances can mislead observers.
The primary reason for misunderstanding is the colloquial use of “pickerel” for walleye, especially in English-speaking Canada. This naming convention causes confusion with true pickerel species. Despite efforts to promote “walleye” to avoid ambiguity, deeply ingrained regional terminology persists.