Paper wasps are common in many regions, often raising concerns about their potential for harm. While these insects can sting, understanding their behavior and characteristics clarifies the actual risk they pose. This knowledge allows for informed interactions and reduces apprehension when encountering them.
Identifying Paper Wasps
Paper wasps are identifiable by their distinct physical traits and nest construction. They measure between 0.5 to 1 inch in length, possessing slender bodies with a narrow “waist” connecting their thorax and abdomen. Their coloration often includes shades of brown, black, and yellow markings, with some species displaying reddish tints or orange-tipped antennae. In flight, paper wasps are recognized by their long legs that dangle below their bodies.
These wasps derive their name from the paper-like material they use to build their nests. They scrape wood fibers, mix them with saliva, and form a papery pulp. Their nests are distinct, appearing as open, umbrella-shaped combs with visible hexagonal cells, often attached by a single stalk to sheltered areas like eaves, porch ceilings, or tree branches. Unlike yellowjackets, paper wasp nests do not have an outer covering. While not aggressive, paper wasps will defend their nests if threatened or disturbed.
Understanding the Sting
A paper wasp sting results in immediate, sharp pain, followed by localized redness, swelling, warmth, and itching at the sting site. These common reactions subside within a few hours or days. In some cases, a “large local reaction” occurs, where swelling spreads up to 4 inches (10 cm) and the pain is more intense, lasting for five to ten days.
The venom of paper wasps contains a complex mixture of proteins, peptides, and enzymes that contribute to these effects. For a small percentage of individuals, a paper wasp sting can trigger a severe allergic reaction known as anaphylaxis. Symptoms of anaphylaxis can appear rapidly and include difficulty breathing, wheezing, swelling of the face, lips, or throat, hives or rash spreading beyond the sting site, dizziness, a sudden drop in blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, or a rapid heart rate. Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening medical emergency requiring immediate attention, and individuals with a history of such reactions may carry an epinephrine auto-injector.
Avoiding Stings and Nests
Minimizing the risk of paper wasp stings involves prevention and careful action during encounters. To avoid attracting wasps, secure garbage cans with tight-fitting lids and promptly clean up spilled food or sugary drinks outdoors. Wearing light-colored clothing and avoiding strong perfumes or floral patterns also reduces attraction, as these can mimic flowers. If a wasp is nearby, remaining calm and slowly moving away is advisable, as swatting may provoke the insect to sting.
Addressing paper wasp nests requires caution due to their defensive nature. Early detection is beneficial; small, newly forming nests, no larger than a quarter, can be knocked down with a broom or hose when the queen has not yet laid eggs. It is safest to attempt nest removal during cooler temperatures, such as early morning or late evening, when wasps are less active. For larger or established nests, especially those in high-traffic areas, professional pest control removal is recommended.
If attempting DIY removal of a small nest, wearing protective clothing, using a wasp-specific spray from a safe distance, and ensuring the nest is completely inactive before removal are important safety measures. After removal, sealing cracks or openings in structures helps prevent future nesting.