Nosebleeds are common, often caused by dry air or minor trauma. With the emergence of COVID-19, questions arose regarding its potential connection to various symptoms, including nosebleeds. The virus has presented a wide range of manifestations beyond typical respiratory issues.
Understanding Nosebleeds and COVID-19
Nosebleeds are not among the most common symptoms of mild COVID-19. However, research indicates that individuals with COVID-19 may experience nosebleeds more frequently than those without the virus. Some studies found people with COVID-19 were over three times more likely to have nosebleeds. In certain instances, nosebleeds were the sole symptom reported by diagnosed individuals. While a direct cause-and-effect relationship is still being investigated, available data suggests an association between COVID-19 infection and an increased risk of nosebleeds.
Underlying Causes of COVID-Related Nosebleeds
The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, can contribute to nosebleeds through several mechanisms. It primarily enters the body through nasal passages, directly damaging delicate tissues and small blood vessels lining the nose. This viral action increases inflammation, making blood vessels more susceptible to breaking and bleeding. COVID-19 can also affect the body’s microcirculation, potentially damaging blood vessel walls and promoting micro-clot formation, which might indirectly impact nasal bleeding.
Beyond the virus’s direct effects, certain treatments and circumstances associated with COVID-19 can also increase nosebleed likelihood. Oxygen therapy can dry out the nasal mucosa, leading to cracking and crusting that traumatize the nasal lining and cause bleeding. Patients with COVID-19 often receive anticoagulants to prevent blood clots. These medications reduce the blood’s ability to clot, increasing bleeding risk, including nosebleeds. Nasal swabs used for COVID-19 testing can also cause minor trauma, potentially leading to nosebleeds, especially if nasal passages are already inflamed.
Addressing Nosebleeds During COVID-19
If a nosebleed occurs while an individual has COVID-19, immediate steps can help manage the bleeding. The person should sit down and lean slightly forward, keeping the head elevated but tilted forward to prevent blood from flowing down the throat. Pinching the soft part of the nose, just above the nostrils, is an important step. This pressure should be maintained continuously for 10 to 15 minutes, breathing through the mouth during this time.
Applying a cold compress or an ice pack across the bridge of the nose can also help constrict blood vessels and reduce bleeding. After the bleeding stops, it is advisable to avoid blowing the nose, picking it, or engaging in strenuous activities for several hours to prevent re-bleeding.
Recognizing When to Seek Medical Care
While most nosebleeds are not serious and can be managed at home, certain signs warrant medical attention. Seek emergency care if a nosebleed persists for longer than 15 to 30 minutes despite applying pressure, or if the bleeding is very heavy, appearing to fill a cup. Medical consultation is also recommended if nosebleeds occur frequently. Other concerning signs requiring immediate medical evaluation include nosebleeds accompanied by difficulty breathing, lightheadedness, chest pain, a rapid heart rate, or if the bleeding started after a head injury. Individuals taking blood-thinning medications who experience nosebleeds should also contact their healthcare provider.