Nasal polyps are soft, noncancerous growths that form within the lining of the nose or sinuses. They are typically benign and do not spread to other parts of the body. While their presence can cause concern, nasal polyps are overwhelmingly not malignant.
Understanding Nasal Polyps
Nasal polyps are soft, painless, noncancerous growths that develop on the thin tissue lining the nasal passages or sinuses. They can appear teardrop-shaped or resemble peeled grapes, varying in color from pink, yellow, to gray. These growths are a subgroup of chronic rhinosinusitis, a condition involving inflammation of the nasal cavity and sinuses.
Inflammation is a known factor in their development. Nasal polyps are commonly associated with chronic inflammatory conditions such as asthma, allergies (allergic rhinitis), recurrent sinus infections, aspirin sensitivity, and cystic fibrosis.
Small polyps may cause no symptoms. However, larger or multiple polyps can lead to nasal congestion, a reduced sense of smell or taste, persistent runny nose, postnasal drip, and facial pressure or fullness.
The Link to Cancer
Nasal polyps themselves are almost always benign and are not cancerous. The concern about a link to cancer often arises because, in very rare instances, malignant tumors can occur in the nasal cavity or sinuses with symptoms similar to benign polyps. It is important to distinguish between common, noncancerous nasal polyps and these much rarer malignant growths.
Malignant growths in the nasal and sinus areas, such as inverted papillomas or carcinomas, are distinct from true nasal polyps. While an inverted papilloma is initially benign, it can, in rare cases, transform into cancer. Cancerous tumors in this region are exceptionally uncommon.
A definitive diagnosis to differentiate between benign polyps and malignant growths typically requires a biopsy. This involves removing a small piece of tissue for laboratory analysis. Imaging studies like CT scans can also help assess the extent of the growth and rule out other conditions, but a biopsy remains the conclusive method for determining if a growth is cancerous.
When to Seek Medical Advice
If you experience persistent nasal symptoms lasting longer than 10 days, or if your symptoms are severe or worsening, consult a healthcare provider. While most nasal polyps are benign, certain symptoms might suggest a need for further investigation to rule out other, more serious conditions.
Seek prompt medical attention for:
Polyps appearing only on one side of the nose
Frequent or severe nosebleeds
Significant pain that does not improve
Changes in vision, such as double vision or bulging eyes
Facial numbness
Rapid growth of a mass
A doctor will typically begin with a physical examination, possibly using a nasal endoscope to view the inside of the nose and sinuses. A CT scan may be ordered to assess the size and location of growths and rule out other conditions. A biopsy may be performed if there is any suspicion of malignancy, especially for unilateral growths. For benign polyps, treatment often involves corticosteroid sprays or oral medications, and sometimes surgery to alleviate symptoms.