Moth balls are small, solid chemical pesticides used to protect stored clothing and fabrics from moths and their larvae. They are not merely strong-smelling repellents. The answer to whether moth balls are harmful to humans is clear: yes, they are toxic and dangerous if misused, ingested, or if their fumes are inhaled over time.
The Toxic Components
Moth balls kill pests by slowly releasing a toxic gas through sublimation, where the solid material turns directly into a vapor. The two primary active ingredients are Naphthalene and Paradichlorobenzene. Modern products typically contain one of these chemicals, each having a different toxicity profile.
Naphthalene is an aromatic hydrocarbon considered the more acutely toxic, and its use is restricted or banned in many regions outside the United States due to health risks. Paradichlorobenzene is the more common ingredient in US-marketed moth balls. Regardless of the chemical, the strong odor signals that the insecticide is being inhaled and exposure is occurring.
Acute and Chronic Health Impacts
Exposure occurs through inhalation, direct skin contact, or accidental ingestion, with each route posing significant risks. Acute symptoms often include nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Inhalation of vapors can also quickly cause headaches, dizziness, and irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract.
The most severe consequence, particularly from Naphthalene exposure, is hemolytic anemia, where red blood cells are rapidly destroyed. This effect is especially pronounced in infants, small children, and individuals with Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. The destruction of red blood cells can lead to kidney and liver damage, and methemoglobinemia, which reduces the blood’s ability to carry oxygen. Chronic exposure to Naphthalene has also been linked to cataracts, and the EPA classifies it as a possible human carcinogen.
Immediate Action and Poisoning Protocol
If you suspect exposure or poisoning, immediate action is necessary. For all cases of suspected ingestion or significant exposure, call the Poison Control Center immediately at 1-800-222-1222. This is a free, confidential service available 24 hours a day. Do not wait for symptoms to appear, and do not attempt to induce vomiting unless instructed by a medical professional.
If the person inhaled fumes, move them quickly to fresh air. If exposure was on the skin or eyes, flush the area with copious amounts of water for 15 to 20 minutes. When contacting Poison Control, provide the victim’s age, weight, health status, the exact product, the approximate amount, and the time of exposure. Having the original container helps experts confirm the active ingredient and recommend the correct protocol.
Safer Storage Practices and Alternatives
If moth balls must be used, they should be treated as a hazardous chemical and stored with extreme caution to prevent accidental exposure. They must only be used in air-tight containers that are sealed completely, ensuring the toxic fumes do not escape into living areas or storage rooms. These containers must be kept out of the reach of children and pets, as the small, candy-like appearance of the balls makes them an ingestion risk. Always thoroughly wash and air out any clothing or bedding that has been stored with moth balls before wearing or using them.
A safer approach to moth prevention involves using non-toxic alternatives and proper storage techniques. The most effective method is to ensure that all garments are cleaned before storage, as moths are attracted to human sweat and food stains. Garments should then be stored in sealed, airtight plastic bins or vacuum-sealed bags.
Non-Toxic Alternatives
Natural products are effective moth repellents that are non-toxic to humans. These include:
- Cedar blocks or chips
- Essential oils
- Lavender sachets
- Dried herbs such as rosemary and mint