Moth balls are pesticide products designed to protect clothing and stored materials from clothes moths. They function by slowly releasing toxic chemical fumes into the air, which act as a fumigant to kill insects in a contained space. Because they are inherently toxic, moth balls are regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and require careful use to prevent serious health risks to humans and pets. They should only be used according to label instructions, which mandate placement within tightly closed containers.
The Chemical Composition of Moth Balls
Moth balls contain a high concentration of one of two primary active ingredients: Naphthalene or Paradichlorobenzene (PDB). Both compounds are crystalline solids that transition directly into a toxic gas without first becoming a liquid. The vapor concentration builds up inside a sealed container, creating an environment lethal to moths.
Naphthalene is the older compound, derived from coal tar, and possesses a distinctly strong, pungent odor. Due to its greater toxicity, its use is more restricted than PDB. Paradichlorobenzene (1,4-dichlorobenzene) is a synthetic compound that has largely replaced naphthalene in modern formulations. While PDB is generally considered less acutely toxic than naphthalene, both are designed to be poisonous to insects.
Health Risks of Chemical Exposure
The vapors released by moth balls pose significant health risks when inhaled or ingested by people and animals. If the characteristic scent is detectable, toxic chemicals are present in the air. Ingestion is particularly dangerous, as a single naphthalene moth ball can cause serious harm if eaten by a small child.
Naphthalene exposure is strongly associated with hemolytic anemia, where red blood cells are destroyed rapidly. This can lead to symptoms like jaundice, fever, and darkening of the urine. Infants and young children are especially vulnerable to this effect. Long-term exposure to the vapors, particularly in poorly ventilated areas, can result in liver and kidney damage. The EPA has classified naphthalene as a Group C, possible human carcinogen.
Paradichlorobenzene is generally less toxic than naphthalene, but exposure can still cause gastrointestinal upset, irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract, and central nervous system stimulation. The primary danger is the slow release of fumes, which are heavier than air and can accumulate near the floor, creating a higher risk for small children and pets. Symptoms of exposure can include headache, nausea, dizziness, and vomiting, and may not appear for several days after contact.
Safe Handling, Storage, and Emergency Response
Moth balls are only safe when used strictly according to the product label. This means they must be placed inside tightly closed, airtight containers along with the stored items. Using them out in the open, such as scattering them in closets or basements, allows toxic fumes to escape and accumulate, which is an improper application. Following storage, all materials must be thoroughly washed or aired out in a well-ventilated space before being worn.
Storage and Emergency Response
The product itself must be stored with extreme care, keeping the original container tightly closed and locked away from children and pets. In the event of accidental ingestion, do not attempt to induce vomiting. Instead, call the Poison Control Center immediately at 800-222-1222 for emergency medical advice. For inhalation exposure, move the affected person to fresh air immediately, and seek medical attention if symptoms like dizziness or vomiting occur.
Non-Toxic Methods for Pest Control
Because of the dangers associated with chemical moth balls, many safer, non-toxic alternatives are available for protecting stored fabrics.
Natural Repellents
Aromatic cedar wood is a popular alternative, as its natural oils repel moths, and the wood can be lightly sanded to refresh the scent. Herbal sachets made with dried plant materials are also effective, as moths dislike strong scents, including:
- Lavender.
- Rosemary.
- Thyme.
- Cloves.
Physical Prevention
Regular cleaning, including frequent vacuuming of storage areas, helps remove moth eggs and larvae. For long-term storage, the most reliable physical method is using airtight containers, such as plastic bins or vacuum-sealed bags, which prevent pests from accessing the fabrics. Washing and thoroughly drying all clothing before storage is also crucial, as moths are attracted to dirty fibers.