Millipedes, often mistaken for centipedes, are arthropods commonly found in damp environments. Despite their many legs, these creatures are generally harmless to humans. They do not possess stingers or fangs, relying instead on a different set of defense mechanisms.
Understanding Millipede Defenses
Millipedes primarily defend themselves by secreting a defensive fluid from specialized glands. When threatened, they often coil into a tight spiral while releasing this chemical deterrent. This fluid helps repel predators by creating an unpleasant taste or odor.
The composition of this defensive fluid varies among species but often includes compounds such as benzoquinones, phenols, cresols, and organic acids. Some millipede species can produce hydrogen cyanide (HCN) compounds, which are potent toxins to smaller arthropods or vertebrates in confined spaces.
Potential Human Reactions
Contact with a millipede’s defensive secretions can lead to various reactions in humans, though these are typically mild. The most common effects on the skin include irritation, redness, itching, and a temporary mild burning sensation. Benzoquinones, a common component of the fluid, can cause temporary skin discoloration, which may persist for several weeks.
In some instances, contact may result in localized blistering. If the defensive fluid comes into contact with the eyes, it can cause more significant irritation, including tearing and inflammation of the eye. Though rare, temporary vision impairment or blindness has been reported following severe eye exposure. Allergic reactions are infrequent, but individuals with sensitivities might experience symptoms like swelling or hives.
Safe Handling and Prevention
If you encounter a millipede, it is best to avoid direct skin contact. Instead, use gloves, a piece of paper, or a broom and dustpan to gently move the millipede outdoors. Should contact with the defensive fluid occur, thoroughly wash the affected skin area with soap and water immediately. If irritation persists, or if there is any suspicion of an allergic reaction or significant eye exposure, seeking medical attention is advisable.
Preventing millipedes from entering homes involves reducing moisture and sealing potential entry points. Address leaky faucets, pipes, or air conditioning units, and use dehumidifiers in damp areas like basements and crawl spaces to minimize humidity. Seal cracks and openings in your home’s foundation, around windows, and doors, and ensure proper weatherstripping and door sweeps are in place. Additionally, remove organic debris such as leaf litter, mulch, woodpiles, and stones from around the foundation of your home, as these provide hiding places and retain moisture that attracts millipedes.