Millipedes are common invertebrates found in gardens and moist environments, recognized by their many legs and segmented bodies. Despite their appearance, most species pose minimal threat to humans or pets.
Are Millipedes Harmful to Humans or Pets?
Millipedes are largely harmless to humans and household pets. They lack the ability to bite or sting. They are not venomous. Instead, their behavior when threatened usually involves coiling into a tight ball.
They do not typically transmit diseases to humans or animals. Millipedes are docile and prefer to avoid confrontation. Their presence in or around homes is generally a nuisance rather than a danger, as they are not known to contaminate food or cause structural damage.
Millipede Defense Mechanisms
Millipedes secrete chemical compounds from glands along their bodies when disturbed. These secretions can include various irritating chemicals such as hydrogen cyanide, benzoquinones, hydroquinones, and phenols. The specific composition of the fluid can vary depending on the millipede species. These chemicals serve as a deterrent to predators, making the millipede unpalatable or irritating.
Contact with these secretions can cause reactions in humans, primarily localized skin irritation. Symptoms might include a mild burning sensation, redness, or temporary skin discoloration, often brown or yellow. While most exposures are minor, eye contact can be more severe, potentially leading to conjunctivitis, tearing, or swelling, and requires immediate attention.
If skin contact occurs, washing the affected area thoroughly with soap and water is recommended, and avoiding rubbing the eyes is important. For eye exposure, flushing with water for an extended period and seeking professional medical care are advised.
Pets might experience mild symptoms like gastrointestinal upset if they attempt to ingest a millipede and its defensive fluids. Larger species can spray these chemicals up to nearly 3 feet. Individuals with sensitivities or allergies may experience more pronounced reactions, such as blistering or hives.
Millipedes Compared to Centipedes
Millipedes are often confused with centipedes, but they possess distinct characteristics and defense mechanisms. Millipedes have two pairs of legs on most body segments, positioned directly underneath their bodies, giving them a more rounded, cylindrical appearance. They move relatively slowly, with a wave-like motion of their many legs. Their diet typically consists of decaying plant matter, making them scavengers.
In contrast, centipedes have only one pair of legs per body segment, with legs extending from the sides of their flatter bodies. Centipedes are known for their faster, more agile movements. A key difference is their defense: centipedes are predators with venomous fangs (forcipules) that can bite to inject venom. While centipede bites can be painful and cause localized swelling, they are usually not life-threatening to humans. Millipedes do not bite or sting.