A menstrual disc is a flexible, ring-shaped device with a collection basin designed to be worn internally, sitting high in the vaginal fornix near the cervix. Unlike tampons, which absorb fluid, the disc collects menstrual fluid, offering an alternative for period management. These devices are regulated medical devices in many regions, including review by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). When used correctly and according to manufacturer guidelines, menstrual discs are considered a generally safe option for managing menstruation.
General Safety Profile and Materials
The inherent safety of menstrual discs begins with their construction material, which is typically medical-grade silicone, Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE), or a similar polymer. These materials are chosen because they are highly biocompatible, non-porous, and hypoallergenic, minimizing the risk of adverse reactions. Many reputable brands adhere to international standards for medical device materials, such as ISO 10993, which governs biological evaluation for devices with prolonged body contact.
Regulatory bodies like the FDA classify and clear these products, ensuring a baseline of safety and manufacturing quality. A significant design advantage over traditional tampons is that discs collect fluid instead of absorbing it. This non-absorbent mechanism helps preserve the vagina’s natural moisture and pH balance, reducing the likelihood of creating micro-abrasions or drying out the vaginal mucosa.
Specific Health Risks and Complications
The most serious, though rare, risk associated with internal menstrual products is Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS), a condition caused by toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. While the risk of TSS with menstrual discs is thought to be significantly lower compared to high-absorbency tampons, the risk is not zero with any internal device. The disc’s non-absorbent material does not create the same environment conducive to bacterial toxin production as highly absorbent fibers.
Users with an Intrauterine Device (IUD) should be aware of the potential for accidental IUD displacement. Though menstrual discs do not rely on suction, improper removal can still create a tugging force. If the IUD strings are accidentally caught and pulled during removal, it can potentially dislodge the IUD from its correct position. Individuals with an IUD are often advised to wait a few cycles after placement before using internal products and to exercise caution during removal.
Localized issues, such as irritation, can occur, though allergic reactions to medical-grade silicone are extremely rare. Poor hygiene practices or exceeding the recommended wear time can encourage the growth of bacteria, potentially leading to localized infections, such as bacterial vaginosis or a urinary tract infection (UTI). These risks underscore the importance of adhering to hygiene protocols for safe use.
Essential Practices for Safe Use
Following hygiene and usage protocols ensures the safe use of a menstrual disc. The maximum recommended wear time is generally up to 12 consecutive hours. Leaving the device in place longer than this limit increases the risk of bacterial proliferation, which is a factor in TSS and other infections.
Thorough handwashing with soap and water is mandatory before both insertion and removal to prevent introducing external bacteria. For reusable discs, cleaning is a two-part process: rinsing with water and a mild, fragrance-free soap between each use during the cycle. Between cycles, the disc must be sterilized, typically by boiling it in water for five to seven minutes. This process kills any residual microorganisms.
Users should also monitor their bodies for signs of irritation, such as unusual discharge, itching, or a strong odor, which could indicate a developing infection. Discontinuing use and consulting a healthcare provider is the appropriate action if any signs of vaginal irritation or systemic illness, like a sudden fever, develop during use.