Matches are common household items used for safely creating fire, yet the small head contains a concentrated mix of chemicals designed to ignite rapidly. While generally considered low-risk for adults, they do contain substances that are toxic if ingested or if a large quantity of smoke is inhaled. The degree of hazard depends significantly on the match type—whether it is a “safety match” or a “strike-anywhere” variety—and the route of exposure.
Hazardous Components of Match Heads
The ignitable material on a match head is a complex chemical mixture, and its precise composition varies depending on the match type. Standard safety matches contain an oxidizing agent, typically potassium chlorate, along with sulfur compounds, binders, and fillers like glass powder. This mix is not meant to be ignited by friction alone, requiring the special striking surface found on the box or book.
The striking surface contains red phosphorus, which is nontoxic and non-flammable by itself. When friction is applied, a tiny amount converts to white phosphorus, which spontaneously ignites. This initial ignition sets off the potassium chlorate and sulfur mixture in the match head, creating the flame. The separation of these two reactive components gives this type of match its “safety” designation.
Strike-anywhere matches are less common but pose a greater hazard because all necessary chemical components are combined directly on the match head. These matches typically contain phosphorus sesquisulfide, which is highly reactive and allows the match to ignite when struck against any rough, dry surface. Like safety matches, they also contain potassium chlorate and sulfur. The phosphorus compound is inherently more toxic and readily available for ingestion.
Health Risks from Ingestion and Fumes
The primary health concern from matches comes from the accidental ingestion of the match heads, which can cause significant gastrointestinal and systemic effects. Swallowing even a few match tips can irritate the mouth, throat, and stomach, often leading to minor symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. This gastrointestinal distress is the body’s reaction to irritant chemicals, such as sulfur compounds and potassium chlorate.
The real danger occurs when a larger quantity of match heads is swallowed, which can happen with curious children. Serious toxicity can occur in young children who ingest more than 12 strike-anywhere or 20 safety match heads. The toxic components, particularly potassium chlorate, can be absorbed into the bloodstream and cause a breakdown of red blood cells, a condition known as hemolysis. This severe reaction reduces the blood’s ability to carry oxygen.
Ingesting a large number of match heads can lead to damage in organs such as the kidneys and liver, with potential for acute kidney failure. The phosphorus compounds in strike-anywhere matches are especially concerning because they can cause severe systemic poisoning. While the wood or cardboard stick itself is generally nontoxic, it still presents a choking hazard.
The risk from inhaling fumes or smoke from a single burning match is generally low in a well-ventilated space. The smoke contains combustion byproducts, including sulfur dioxide and a small amount of carbon monoxide, but the exposure is typically brief and minimal. However, inhaling the smoke from a large quantity of burning matches in a confined or poorly ventilated area could lead to respiratory irritation and potential carbon monoxide exposure.
Safe Handling and Emergency Response
Proper storage and handling of matches is the most effective way to prevent accidental exposure and poisoning. Matches, whether safety or strike-anywhere, should always be kept in their original container. They must be stored in a secure location out of reach of children and pets, and away from heat sources or flammable materials to prevent accidental ignition.
If match heads are accidentally ingested, the immediate action is to contact Poison Control at 1-800-222-1222 for expert guidance. The treatment advice will depend on the type and number of matches swallowed, the age of the person, and their weight. Rinse the mouth with water and have the person spit out any remaining material, followed by drinking a few sips of water.
Do not attempt to induce vomiting unless specifically instructed to do so by a medical professional or Poison Control. If the person is choking, having difficulty breathing, or if the match caused a burn, seek immediate emergency medical help by calling 911. Monitor the affected person for signs of severe vomiting, diarrhea, or any change in behavior.