The question of whether markers are toxic often arises, particularly for parents concerned about the art supplies used by children. The quick, reassuring answer is that most modern, consumer-grade markers are specifically formulated with safety in mind and are considered non-toxic for their intended use. This general safety standard is maintained through regulatory oversight, especially for products marketed toward younger users. However, the term “non-toxic” does not imply the absence of all chemicals, only that the ingredients are not present in sufficient quantities to cause acute or chronic health problems under normal conditions. Understanding the different types of markers and the labels they carry can help consumers make informed choices.
Understanding Safety Certifications and Labels
The designation “non-toxic” in the context of art materials in the United States refers to the standard for chronic toxicity, meaning the product is not expected to cause long-term health issues like cancer or reproductive harm. This standard is outlined in the Labeling of Hazardous Art Materials Act (LHAMA) and enforced through organizations like the Art & Creative Materials Institute (ACMI). The ACMI employs board-certified toxicologists to evaluate art products for both immediate (acute) and long-term (chronic) hazards.
Consumers should look for one of two primary seals issued by the ACMI on marker packaging. The most desirable is the AP (Approved Product) seal, which certifies that the product contains no materials in sufficient quantities to be toxic or injurious to humans, including children. Products with the AP seal are safe for use by all ages, including children in grade six and lower.
The second seal is the CL (Cautionary Labeling) seal, which indicates the product contains ingredients that may be hazardous and requires cautionary labeling for proper, safe use. Products bearing the CL seal are generally intended for adult use or older children and may contain materials that pose a risk if misused, such as excessive inhalation or ingestion. These materials are still certified to be properly labeled for their known health risks, but they require adult supervision and a careful reading of the warnings.
Toxicity Profiles of Common Marker Types
The potential for toxicity in a marker largely depends on its chemical base, which dictates the type of solvent used to keep the pigment or dye in a liquid state. The three main categories of markers each have a distinct toxicity profile related to their ingredients.
Washable or water-based markers represent the lowest risk because their primary solvent is water. The ink typically consists of food-grade dyes, pigments, and water-soluble binders like glycerin. This composition makes them easily removable from skin and fabrics and means they are generally non-toxic, even if small amounts are accidentally ingested.
Dry-erase markers typically use alcohol-based solvents, such as ethanol or isopropanol, which allow the ink to dry quickly but remain easily wiped away from smooth surfaces. The formulations have improved significantly, moving away from more toxic solvents like benzene in older products. While generally considered non-toxic, the alcohol-based solvents release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that can cause mild irritation if used for long periods in poorly ventilated areas.
Permanent markers historically represented the highest concern because they often relied on potent aromatic hydrocarbon solvents like xylene and toluene to achieve their lasting effect. These solvents are central nervous system depressants and can cause headaches, dizziness, and nausea with prolonged exposure. However, many modern permanent markers are now formulated to be xylene- and toluene-free, using less hazardous alcohol-based solvents instead. When using any permanent marker, good ventilation is necessary to minimize the inhalation of VOCs.
Acute Exposure: Symptoms and Safety Measures
Immediate, high-level exposure to marker ink, regardless of the type, can still produce acute symptoms, even if the product is labeled non-toxic. The body reacts primarily through the eyes, skin, and respiratory system.
In the case of excessive inhalation of fumes, common symptoms include a mild headache, dizziness, or stomach upset. If this occurs, the immediate and most effective action is to move the affected person to fresh air, such as by opening windows or going outside. If symptoms persist or if there is intentional, concentrated inhalation, contact the Poison Control Center immediately.
If ink comes into contact with the skin, it may cause mild irritation or temporary staining. Gently wash the affected area with soap and water to remove the ink. For contact with the eyes, immediate and thorough rinsing with large amounts of warm water for at least 15 minutes is necessary.
Accidental ingestion of marker ink is rarely serious, but it can cause the mouth to taste bad and may lead to mild stomach upset. For a small amount, giving the person a drink of water and wiping out any visible ink from the mouth is the recommended first step. For any ingestion, or if you have questions about the severity of the exposure, the best course of action is always to call the Poison Control Center for guidance.