Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are part of the body’s immune system, fighting infections. While essential for health, their presence in urine can signal various underlying conditions. This often warrants investigation to determine the cause, which can range from minor to more serious health concerns.
What Leukocytes in Urine Mean
Leukocytes are immune cells produced in the bone marrow that circulate throughout the bloodstream, defending the body against pathogens. Normally, very few or no leukocytes are found in urine; a normal range is 0 to 5 white blood cells per high power field (WBC/HPF).
When detected at elevated levels, this condition is often called leukocyturia or pyuria, indicating inflammation or infection within the urinary tract. Detection occurs through routine urinalysis, which can include a dipstick test for leukocyte esterase—an enzyme found in certain white blood cells—or a microscopic examination of urine sediment. A positive result points towards an abnormal condition.
Reasons for Leukocytes in Urine
Leukocytes in urine often stem from infections, the most frequent cause. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) occur when bacteria infect any part of the urinary system, such as the bladder or urethra.
Kidney infections (pyelonephritis) are a more serious UTI where bacteria travel from the bladder to the kidneys. Both UTIs and kidney infections elevate leukocyte counts. Kidney stones can also cause leukocytes by irritating, inflaming, or blocking the urinary tract, increasing infection risk.
Other conditions causing leukocytes include interstitial cystitis, a chronic bladder condition involving bladder pressure and pain leading to inflammation. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like chlamydia and gonorrhea can also cause leukocytes. Certain medications and non-infectious inflammation, such as from autoimmune disorders, can also contribute.
When to Seek Medical Attention
The detection of leukocytes in urine, especially when accompanied by certain symptoms, often signals a need for medical evaluation. Common symptoms that should prompt a visit to a healthcare provider include a burning sensation during urination, frequent urges to urinate (even if only small amounts are produced), or lower abdominal discomfort. These symptoms often suggest a urinary tract infection.
Other signs that warrant prompt medical attention include cloudy or foul-smelling urine, or the presence of blood in the urine (hematuria). Systemic symptoms like fever, chills, back pain, or side pain can suggest a more serious infection, such as a kidney infection. Even if noticeable symptoms are absent, persistent leukocytes in urine detected through routine testing should be discussed with a doctor, as they may still indicate an underlying issue.
Diagnosing and Managing Leukocytes in Urine
When leukocytes are detected, a healthcare provider will begin a diagnostic process to identify the underlying cause. This often starts with a urinalysis, examining urine for indicators like bacteria, nitrites, or red blood cells. If infection is suspected, a urine culture identifies the microorganism. Blood tests may check for systemic infection or inflammation. Imaging studies (ultrasound, CT scan) might be recommended for kidney stones, blockages, or structural issues.
Once the cause is determined, management focuses on treating that specific condition. Bacterial infections like UTIs or kidney infections are treated with antibiotics. Kidney stones may require medication or procedures. Conditions like interstitial cystitis are managed with lifestyle changes and specific medications. Always receive a professional medical diagnosis and follow the recommended treatment plan rather than attempting self-diagnosis or self-treatment.