Laryngeal spasms are involuntary contractions of the vocal cords within the larynx, or voice box. These spasms cause the vocal cords to momentarily close, temporarily obstructing the airway. Understanding their nature can help individuals manage episodes and recognize when medical attention is needed.
Understanding Laryngeal Spasms
A laryngeal spasm occurs when the vocal cords, which typically open to allow air into the lungs, suddenly clamp shut. This involuntary closure makes it difficult to breathe or speak, as the airway is temporarily blocked. The vocal cords, two bands of tissue within the larynx, move together forcefully during a spasm, a process known as adduction.
Individuals often report a sudden inability to inhale, accompanied by gasping or a choking sensation. The feeling of the throat closing can be intense. While exhaling might still be possible, drawing air in becomes challenging. These episodes typically last for a brief duration, often less than 60 seconds, though multiple spasms can occur in quick succession. As the vocal cords slowly relax and reopen, a high-pitched sound, known as stridor, may be heard as air passes through the constricted opening.
Assessing the Severity
Most laryngeal spasms are not dangerous and resolve quickly without serious complications. The body has a protective airway reflex that triggers these spasms to prevent substances like water, mucus, or food from entering the lungs.
In rare instances, however, spasms can be more concerning, particularly if prolonged, severe, or occurring in specific medical contexts. For example, spasms during or after general anesthesia, especially upon removal of a breathing tube, can be serious and potentially life-threatening if not promptly managed. Sustained airway closure can lead to a lack of oxygen. Forceful breathing efforts against a closed airway can also, rarely, result in fluid accumulation in the lungs.
Common Contributing Factors
Several common factors can lead to laryngeal spasms. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), where stomach acid or undigested food flows back into the esophagus and throat, is a frequent cause. If this acidic content reaches the vocal cords, it can irritate them and trigger a spasm.
Anxiety, panic attacks, and intense emotional stress are also contributors, as the body’s physical response to strong emotions can manifest as a laryngeal spasm. Irritants like smoke, chemicals, or post-nasal drip can inflame the throat and vocal cords. Certain medications, particularly those affecting blood pressure or heart conditions, may also be associated with laryngeal spasms as a side effect. Aspiration of food or liquid, where material incorrectly enters the windpipe, can directly trigger these spasms.
What to Do During an Episode
During a laryngeal spasm, the primary goal is to remain calm, as panicking can intensify and prolong the episode. Avoid gasping or trying to force a breath, which can make the spasm worse by causing the vocal cords to lock further. Instead, focus on deep, slow breathing techniques.
One effective technique involves breathing in slowly through the nose and exhaling with pursed lips, or taking two short sniffs through the nose before a slow, pursed-lip exhale. Sipping small amounts of water can sometimes help wash away any irritants that might be on the vocal cords. Applying forceful pressure to a specific point behind the earlobes, known as the laryngospasm notch, can also encourage vocal cord relaxation. Seek immediate medical attention if spasms are frequent, prolonged, or accompanied by severe symptoms, such as loss of consciousness. Consulting a healthcare provider is also recommended if a known underlying condition contributing to the spasms is not well-managed.