Kidney infections, also known as pyelonephritis, can cause discomfort and, if left untreated, may lead to serious complications. Understanding how they develop and recognizing their signs can help individuals seek timely care and reduce their risk.
Are Kidney Infections Contagious?
Kidney infections are not contagious; they do not spread directly from person to person. These infections typically arise from bacteria already present within an individual’s own body, often originating from the digestive tract. These bacteria can then enter the urinary system and ascend to the kidneys. While bacteria can be shared, such as during sexual activity, the infection itself is not transmitted as a contagious disease. The development of a kidney infection depends on an internal progression of bacteria within the urinary tract. Therefore, the concern about catching a kidney infection from someone else is unfounded. Individuals should focus on understanding the conditions that promote bacterial growth and movement within the urinary system.
How Kidney Infections Occur
A kidney infection commonly begins as a lower urinary tract infection (UTI), such as a bladder infection. Bacteria, most frequently Escherichia coli (E. coli), typically enter the body through the urethra. Once in the urethra, these bacteria can multiply and travel upwards into the bladder.
If a bladder infection is untreated or insufficiently treated, the bacteria can continue their ascent. They travel from the bladder through the ureters, which are the tubes connecting the bladder to the kidneys. This upward movement allows the bacteria to reach one or both kidneys, leading to an infection.
Less commonly, a kidney infection can result from bacteria spreading through the bloodstream from an infection located elsewhere in the body. Certain factors can increase the likelihood of bacteria reaching the kidneys, such as blockages in the urinary tract from kidney stones or an enlarged prostate. Conditions that weaken the immune system or damage nerves around the bladder can also contribute to the risk by hindering the body’s natural defenses or the ability to fully empty the bladder.
Common Signs of a Kidney Infection
Recognizing the signs of a kidney infection is important for seeking prompt medical attention. These infections often manifest with sudden, noticeable symptoms. Common indicators include fever and chills.
Individuals may also experience pain in the back, side (flank pain, typically under the ribs), or groin. Other symptoms related to the urinary system can involve frequent urination, a strong and persistent urge to urinate, and pain or a burning sensation during urination. The urine itself might appear cloudy, have a foul smell, or contain blood or pus.
Nausea and vomiting are also frequently reported symptoms. In some cases, particularly in very young children, a high temperature might be the only apparent sign. Older adults may exhibit less typical symptoms, such as confusion or general weakness, making recognition more challenging.
Managing and Preventing Kidney Infections
Treatment for kidney infections typically involves antibiotics prescribed by a healthcare provider. The type of antibiotic and the duration of treatment, often 7 to 14 days, depend on the specific bacteria causing the infection and its severity. It is important to complete the entire course of antibiotics, even if symptoms improve, to ensure the infection is fully cleared and to prevent its recurrence.
Pain management, such as over-the-counter pain relievers like paracetamol, can help alleviate discomfort. Maintaining good hydration by drinking plenty of fluids supports the body’s healing process. In some severe instances, or for individuals with underlying health conditions, hospitalization may be necessary for intravenous antibiotic administration.
Preventing kidney infections largely centers on reducing the risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs), from which they often originate. Key preventive measures include:
Drinking plenty of water to flush bacteria from the urinary tract.
Urinating frequently and emptying the bladder completely.
Urinating shortly after sexual intercourse.
Proper hygiene, such as wiping from front to back after using the toilet, particularly for women.
Avoiding irritating products in the genital area, like deodorant sprays or douches.