Javelinas, also known as collared peccaries, are hoofed mammals native to the Southwestern United States, Central, and South America. These social animals live in herds ranging from two to over 20 individuals, relying on the group for defense, temperature regulation, and social interaction. They are often found in semi-arid brushlands, oak-juniper woodlands, and desert washes, adapting to various habitats.
Understanding Javelina Behavior
Javelinas are generally shy and prefer to avoid human contact, but they can exhibit defensive behaviors when they feel threatened or are cornered. Their natural shyness can be overcome if they become accustomed to human presence, especially when food sources are involved. Defensive actions may include charging, teeth clacking, or emitting barking and growling sounds. They are particularly protective of their young and may react defensively if they perceive a threat.
Javelinas possess poor eyesight, which can sometimes lead to them appearing to charge when they are actually trying to escape. This limited vision means they rely heavily on their keen sense of smell to navigate and identify their surroundings. They use scent glands to mark territory and identify herd members, creating a unique group scent.
Risks to Human Safety
While serious javelina attacks on humans are uncommon, they can occur, particularly if the animals are provoked, diseased, or protecting their young. When defensive behavior escalates, javelinas can inflict injuries through bites, charges, or collisions. Their powerful jaws and sharp canine teeth are capable of causing serious wounds. Bites are often associated with instances where people have attempted to feed them.
Javelinas can carry and transmit diseases, though this is rare. Rabies is a possible concern, and there have been documented cases of javelinas testing positive for the virus. Other potential diseases include distemper and salmonella. Anyone bitten by a javelina should seek medical attention promptly, and the animal should be tested for rabies if possible.
Preventing Negative Encounters
To minimize the risk of negative encounters with javelinas, it is advisable to remove attractants from residential areas. Secure trash cans with locking lids and place them at the curb on the morning of pickup, rather than the night before, to prevent animals from rummaging through them. Avoid feeding javelinas, whether intentionally or unintentionally, as this can cause them to lose their natural fear of humans and become more aggressive. This includes not leaving pet food outdoors or allowing birdseed to accumulate on the ground.
Keeping pets on leashes while outdoors is important, as javelinas often perceive dogs as predators, leading to defensive attacks. Clearing brush and debris from yards can reduce potential shelter for javelinas, making your property less appealing. Installing sturdy fencing can also deter them; electric fencing has proven effective for gardens.
If you encounter javelinas, give them ample space and do not approach them. Making loud noises, such as yelling, clapping, or banging pots, can often scare them away, as they have poor eyesight and rely on sound. Slowly backing away is recommended, avoiding sudden movements. If a javelina charges, try to climb to safety, use an object as a barrier, or make noise to deter them. It is particularly important to protect small pets by picking them up if a javelina charges, as pets are at a higher risk of injury than humans in these situations.