Hyacinths are indeed considered toxic to humans. While typically not life-threatening, contact or ingestion can lead to various unpleasant symptoms.
How Hyacinths Can Be Toxic
Hyacinth toxicity stems primarily from compounds known as calcium oxalate crystals and possibly other alkaloids, especially concentrated within the bulbs. These needle-shaped calcium oxalate crystals can cause irritation upon contact with sensitive tissues. The entire plant, including leaves and flowers, contains these crystals, but the bulbs house the highest concentration of these irritants. When plant material is chewed or ingested, these sharp crystals embed themselves in the mouth, throat, and digestive tract. This physical irritation can lead to immediate discomfort and inflammation. The bulbs also contain alkaloids, such as lycorine, which can induce vomiting.
Signs of Exposure and What to Do
Skin contact, particularly with the bulbs or sap, often leads to an irritant reaction known as “hyacinth itch.” This can manifest as a rash, intense itchiness, inflammation, and even blistering. Prolonged handling might also cause contact dermatitis, leading to calluses and painful fissures on the fingertips for some individuals.
If ingested, symptoms typically include gastrointestinal distress. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain are common. Chewing on the leaves or bulbs can also cause irritation and swelling of the mouth, lips, and tongue, sometimes creating a sensation like biting into ground glass. In more severe, though rare, cases, large ingestions could lead to difficulty breathing or unconsciousness.
Should skin contact occur, immediately wash the affected area thoroughly with soap and water to remove the irritant. For accidental ingestion, rinse the mouth and offer a cool drink or soft food like applesauce or yogurt to help soothe irritation. If symptoms persist, are severe, or if a large quantity has been ingested, it is important to seek professional medical attention. Contacting a poison control center can provide specific guidance for the situation.
Handling Hyacinths Safely
To prevent exposure, it is advisable to wear protective gloves when handling hyacinth bulbs, especially during planting or repotting. Gardeners should also consider covering other exposed skin to avoid contamination from airborne crystals when working with the bulbs.
Keeping hyacinth plants, particularly the bulbs, out of reach of young children and pets is a practical safety measure. Children and animals are often more curious and prone to mouthing or ingesting plant parts, increasing their risk of exposure. For indoor plants, strategic placement away from curious hands and paws can prevent incidents. When disposing of spent plant material, ensure it is contained and not left where it could be accidentally accessed.