Hotspots, medically known as acute moist dermatitis or pyotraumatic dermatitis, are a common and often painful skin condition primarily affecting dogs. These irritated patches appear as red, inflamed, and moist lesions on the skin. They can develop rapidly, sometimes within hours, and cause significant discomfort due to intense itching and pain. The affected areas may also show swelling, hair loss, and a discharge of fluid or pus, often accompanied by a foul odor from bacterial growth.
Are Hotspots Contagious?
Hotspots are generally not contagious to other animals or transmissible from pets to humans. The common bacterial infections are secondary to an underlying irritation on the individual dog’s skin. While the lesion on an affected pet can enlarge quickly due to continuous licking, chewing, and scratching, this spread is confined to the affected dog’s own body.
However, if the underlying cause of the hotspot is a transmissible condition like certain parasites or a fungal infection, that underlying cause could potentially spread to other pets or humans. Veterinary evaluation is helpful to determine the precise cause of the hotspot. A veterinarian can perform diagnostic tests to identify any contagious agents.
Understanding Hotspot Causes
Hotspots typically arise as a secondary infection, meaning they develop because of another primary skin irritation or condition. One common trigger is flea allergy dermatitis, where a single flea bite can cause intense itching, leading to excessive self-trauma. Environmental allergies and food sensitivities can also cause widespread itching that prompts a dog to lick or chew specific areas.
Parasitic infestations, including mites or ticks, can similarly irritate the skin and initiate the scratching cycle. Excessive moisture trapped in the fur creates a warm, damp environment conducive to bacterial growth. Poor grooming practices, leading to matted or dirty fur, can also trap moisture and debris against the skin.
Behavioral issues, such as boredom, stress, or anxiety, can lead dogs to engage in excessive licking or chewing as a coping mechanism. This constant self-trauma breaks down the skin barrier, allowing bacteria normally present on the skin to enter and proliferate, resulting in a rapidly developing hotspot. Other less common triggers include ear infections, anal gland issues, or even orthopedic pain that causes a dog to repeatedly lick a sore joint.
Managing and Preventing Hotspots
Once a hotspot is identified, prompt action can help manage the condition and prevent it from worsening. Initially, gently clip the fur around the affected area to allow air circulation and prevent further matting. Next, clean the lesion carefully with a mild antiseptic solution, such as chlorhexidine, to remove debris and bacteria. Keeping the area dry is also important to discourage bacterial growth.
To prevent the dog from further irritating the hotspot, it is often necessary to use an Elizabethan collar (e-collar or “cone”) or a protective body suit. Veterinary attention is recommended, especially if the hotspot is large, deep, very painful, spreading rapidly, or not improving with initial home care. A veterinarian can prescribe oral antibiotics to treat the bacterial infection and anti-inflammatory medications to reduce swelling and discomfort.
Long-term prevention of hotspots involves addressing the underlying causes. Consistent flea and tick control is important to prevent parasitic irritations. For dogs with allergies, managing these conditions through dietary changes, environmental modifications, or prescribed allergy medications can reduce itching. Regular grooming, including thorough drying after baths or swimming, helps maintain a healthy coat and skin. Addressing behavioral issues through increased exercise, mental stimulation, or professional guidance can also reduce stress-induced licking.