“High cheekbones” refers to the prominent, defined area of the face just below the eyes. This article explores how genetics predominantly shapes this facial feature.
Understanding Cheekbone Anatomy
High cheekbones primarily depend on the structure of the zygomatic (malar) bones. These paired bones form the prominence of the cheeks and contribute to the lateral wall and floor of the eye sockets. Their size, projection, and position significantly influence the overall contour of the mid-face. Surrounding structures, such as facial fat pads and muscles, also play a role in the perceived fullness and definition of this area.
The malar fat pad, located directly above the cheekbone, contributes to the structure that lifts the face. The buccal fat pads, situated between the cheekbones and jawbones, also help shape the face. The interplay between underlying bone structure and overlying soft tissues creates the unique appearance of an individual’s cheekbones.
The Genetic Contribution to Cheekbones
Facial features, including cheekbone prominence and shape, are highly influenced by an individual’s genetic makeup. Studies using 3D models of faces show that cheekbone shape is significantly heritable. This genetic influence establishes the foundational blueprint for facial structure, dictating the size, shape, and positioning of these features.
Cheekbone structure is a polygenic trait, meaning multiple genes interact to influence its final outcome. Unlike traits determined by a single gene, polygenic traits involve the combined effect of several genes, leading to wide variation among individuals. The specific genetic variants inherited from both parents contribute to unique facial characteristics. This complex genetic architecture explains why even within families, subtle differences in cheekbone appearance exist while maintaining familial resemblances.
Non-Genetic Factors Influencing Cheekbones
While genetics sets the fundamental structure, other factors can modify cheekbone appearance throughout life. Aging significantly impacts facial contours through changes in facial fat distribution, skin elasticity, and bone density. As individuals age, a loss of facial fat can lead to a more gaunt appearance and make cheekbones seem more defined. Skin loses collagen and elastin over time, which can cause the skin to sag and alter the perceived prominence of the cheekbones.
Changes in bone density and muscle tone also contribute to the altered appearance of cheekbones with age. Significant weight changes can affect facial fat distribution, making cheekbones appear more or less visible depending on fat gained or lost in the mid-face region. These non-genetic influences primarily modify the superficial appearance of the cheekbones rather than fundamentally changing the underlying bone structure itself.
Ancestry and Cheekbone Variation
Different ancestral populations often exhibit distinct facial features, including variations in cheekbone prominence and structure. This diversity arises from generations of genetic inheritance within specific groups, influenced by environmental adaptations. For instance, East Asian populations are frequently noted for having more prominent zygomas due to genetic drift and natural selection.
These variations reflect broad tendencies rather than absolute rules, as significant diversity exists within any population. The polygenic nature of cheekbone structure means specific gene variants became more common in certain geographic regions over time, contributing to these observable differences. While an individual’s ethnic background can offer insights into general facial characteristics, individual variation remains substantial.