Harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) are widely distributed marine mammals, commonly seen resting on coastal beaches, rocks, and docks across the Northern Hemisphere. Their presence near human activity often leads to curiosity about their temperament, and the question of whether they are genuinely friendly arises frequently. These sleek, large-eyed animals can appear calm, yet their wild nature dictates a cautious distance for both their safety and ours. Understanding the biology and legal protection surrounding harbor seals is essential for safe and responsible co-existence.
Defining “Friendly”: The Nature of a Wild Predator
Harbor seals are not domesticated animals and should never be mistaken for being tame or friendly. As opportunistic carnivores, their behavior is governed by instinct, and they hunt fish, crustaceans, and mollusks. While they may tolerate human presence in certain areas, this is often habituation, not an invitation for interaction.
In the water, seals are inquisitive yet elusive, often surfacing to observe boats before quickly disappearing. On land, they are wary and will move awkwardly, or “flush,” back into the water if they feel threatened, which expends unnecessary energy. They are generally solitary when foraging, forming temporary groups only when resting or during the pupping season. Any close approach by a human or a dog is perceived as a threat that causes significant stress.
Why Harbor Seals Appear Approachable
The misconception of friendliness stems from the seals’ common behavior known as “hauling out.” This occurs when a seal temporarily leaves the water to rest on land, often on beaches, exposed rocks, or man-made structures. Seals haul out for physiological reasons, including regulating body temperature, resting between foraging trips, and caring for their young.
When hauled out, a seal may appear lethargic or docile because it is sleeping or conserving energy. Their large, dark eyes and relaxed, stationary positions can be misinterpreted as signs of docility or distress. A seal pup that appears alone is most likely not abandoned; mothers routinely leave pups for up to 24 hours while feeding offshore. Disturbing a resting seal or approaching a pup can prevent the mother from returning, potentially leading to abandonment.
Safety and Health Risks of Approaching Seals
Approaching a harbor seal introduces risks to human health and safety. Seals possess sharp canine teeth and powerful jaws, and they will bite defensively if startled, cornered, or protecting a pup. A seal bite can cause serious physical injury requiring immediate medical attention.
Seals are known carriers of various zoonotic pathogens that can transfer to humans. The most specific health risk from a seal bite is a severe infection known as “seal finger,” caused by Mycoplasma species. This infection is characterized by intense, localized pain and swelling, often progressing to osteitis (a serious bone infection) if not treated promptly. Seal finger requires a specific course of antibiotics, often tetracycline, because common antibiotics like penicillin and amoxicillin are ineffective against the causative bacteria. Other potential zoonotic agents found in seals include Brucella spp. and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.
Legal Requirements for Wildlife Viewing
All marine mammals, including harbor seals, are protected by federal law under the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA). This legislation prohibits the feeding, touching, or harassment of seals, which includes any action that disturbs the animal’s natural behaviors, such as resting or nursing. Violating the MMPA can result in substantial civil penalties and, in some cases, criminal prosecution.
To comply with the law and ensure safety, observers must maintain a mandated distance from the seals. The minimum recommended distance is generally at least 50 yards (150 feet) from a seal on land or in the water, though some jurisdictions recommend 100 yards. If a seal begins to stare, vocalize, fidget, or move away, it is a clear sign of disturbance, and the observer must immediately increase their distance. This boundary ensures the seal can rest undisturbed and allows humans to enjoy observing these wild animals safely.