The gopher snake (Pituophis catenifer) is a common, large, non-venomous constrictor found widely across North America. This highly adaptable species inhabits environments ranging from deserts and grasslands to woodlands and agricultural areas. Given its impressive size and dramatic defensive display, people often question if it poses a danger to humans. Understanding the true nature of this widespread reptile is key to safe coexistence.
Gopher Snake Temperament and Danger Level
Gopher snakes are wild reptiles and should not be approached or handled. They are non-venomous and generally docile when left undisturbed, posing no threat to people or pets. Their role is beneficial, primarily as effective controllers of rodent populations, including gophers, mice, and rats.
When threatened, the gopher snake employs an elaborate defensive bluff. This includes coiling its body into an S-shape and rapidly vibrating its tail, which can sound like a rattlesnake if it hits dry vegetation. The snake also flattens its head into a triangular shape and hisses loudly, a sound amplified by a specialized flap of tissue called the epiglottal fold.
These purely defensive actions are designed to mimic a more dangerous snake, often leading to the gopher snake being mistakenly killed. They may strike with a closed mouth or deliver a non-venomous bite if handled or cornered, but this is a last resort. The bite is not medically concerning, though it may be painful depending on the snake’s size.
How to Identify a Gopher Snake
Identifying a gopher snake involves observing distinct physical characteristics useful for distinguishing it from venomous species. Adults typically measure between three and nine feet in length, though four to five feet is more common. Their bodies have a blotched pattern consisting of dark brown, black, or reddish spots on a lighter background of tan, yellow, or cream.
Their scales are keeled, meaning they have a ridge running down the center, giving the snake a rough texture. The head is relatively slender and elongated. Crucially, the pupils of a gopher snake are round, distinguishing them from the elliptical pupils of pit vipers.
The tail tapers to a thin point without a rattle, even though the snake can vibrate it. Coloration varies significantly, often reflecting the local habitat. They frequently have a dark stripe running from the eye toward the angle of the jaw.
What to Do When You Encounter One
If you encounter a gopher snake, the best course of action is to leave it alone and maintain a respectful distance. The snake will move away once it no longer perceives a threat. Never attempt to handle, harass, or corner the animal, as this is when a defensive bite is most likely to occur.
Providing space for the snake to exit is usually all that is required for a safe resolution. You can discourage gopher snakes from lingering in your yard by removing potential hiding spots, such as large piles of brush, debris, or lumber. Since their primary food source is rodents, controlling mice and rats on your property will also make the area less appealing. Observe the snake from a distance, recognizing its beneficial role in controlling pests, and allow it to continue its search for food.