The European paper wasp (Polistes dominula) is a common insect, widespread in many parts of the world, including North America where it is considered invasive. Often found around homes and gardens, these wasps raise concerns about potential danger. This article covers how to recognize European paper wasps, the threat of their sting, and ways to prevent stings and manage encounters.
Recognizing European Paper Wasps
European paper wasps have distinct physical characteristics. They are slender, ¾ to 7/8 inches (19-22mm) long, with a noticeable “wasp waist.” Their striking black and yellow coloration often causes confusion with yellow jackets. A key distinguishing feature is their long hind legs, which dangle visibly during flight, unlike yellow jackets. Their antennae also often have orange tips or bases.
Their nests are distinctive, made from a paper-like material of chewed wood fibers and saliva. These open, umbrella-shaped combs have visible hexagonal cells and no outer covering. Nests are frequently found in sheltered locations like under roof eaves, porch ceilings, outdoor grills, meter boxes, or dense shrubbery. European paper wasps often build new nests each year.
The Threat of Their Sting
European paper wasps can sting, and their sting is notably painful. The sensation is often described as a sharp, burning pain that can be intense and linger for several minutes. While painful, it is generally not debilitating. Typical local reactions include immediate pain, redness, swelling, and itching at the sting site, usually subsiding within a few hours or a day or two.
Stings primarily occur when wasps feel threatened or their nest is disturbed. Unlike bees, European paper wasps can sting multiple times as they do not leave their stinger behind. A significant concern is the potential for anaphylaxis, a severe allergic reaction.
Symptoms include difficulty breathing, swelling (e.g., face, lips, throat), dizziness, low blood pressure, abdominal cramps, nausea, or a generalized rash. Immediate medical attention is necessary if any signs of a severe allergic reaction appear. For non-allergic reactions, basic first aid involves cleaning the sting area, applying a cold pack, and using over-the-counter pain relievers or antihistamine creams.
Preventing Stings and Managing Encounters
Preventing stings involves avoiding provoking wasps and making your property less appealing for nesting. Avoid sudden movements or swatting at wasps, as this can make them feel threatened and more likely to sting. When eating or drinking outdoors, keep food and beverages covered, especially sugary drinks and ripe fruit, which attract wasps. Inspect outdoor areas like grills, play equipment, and under eaves before use, as these are common nesting spots.
To discourage nesting, seal cracks and holes in walls, eaves, and other structures. Trimming overgrown shrubbery and removing fallen fruit also limits potential nesting sites and food sources. If a wasp is nearby, remaining calm and slowly moving away is generally the safest approach.
For existing nests, safe management depends on their size and location. Small, accessible nests in low-traffic areas might be cautiously removed by a homeowner, ideally at dusk or dawn when wasps are less active, using protective gear and a wasp-specific insecticide. For larger nests, hard-to-reach or high-traffic areas, or if allergic to stings, professional pest removal is strongly recommended. Professionals have the equipment and expertise to safely eliminate nests and prevent future nesting.