Cannabis-infused foods and beverages, widely known as edibles, have become a popular way to consume cannabis. As their availability grows, understanding their potential effects on the body, particularly the heart, becomes increasingly important. This article explores how edibles interact with the cardiovascular system, examining the specific risks involved and identifying who might be more susceptible to adverse outcomes.
How Edibles Affect the Body
When cannabis is consumed as an edible, it undergoes a distinct metabolic process compared to inhaled forms. After ingestion, the edible is broken down in the stomach and absorbed into the bloodstream via the small intestine. This process means the onset of effects is significantly delayed, typically ranging from 30 minutes to 2 hours or longer.
Once absorbed, the primary psychoactive compound, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), is metabolized by the liver. The liver converts THC into a more potent compound called 11-hydroxy-THC. This metabolite is known for its enhanced potency and its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier more efficiently than THC, leading to a more intense and prolonged experience. The effects of edibles can last anywhere from 4 to 8 hours or more, a considerably longer duration than smoked cannabis.
Cardiovascular Effects of Edibles
Edibles can influence the cardiovascular system through the action of THC, which interacts with cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) present in various tissues, including the heart and blood vessels. This interaction can activate the sympathetic nervous system, leading to several changes in heart function.
A common effect is an increase in heart rate, known as tachycardia, which can be dose-dependent. Less common reports also describe bradycardia, a decreased heart rate. The impact on blood pressure can vary, with some individuals experiencing an initial increase followed by a potential decrease, or vice versa, depending on the dose and individual response. THC can cause peripheral vasodilation, which may contribute to a drop in blood pressure.
Beyond these immediate changes, edibles have been linked to a higher risk of irregular heartbeats, or arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation. Emerging evidence suggests a connection between cannabis use, including edibles, and an increased risk of severe cardiac events, including myocardial infarction (heart attack) and stroke. Studies indicate that regular or heavy cannabis use, regardless of consumption method, is associated with reduced blood vessel function, a factor that can contribute to cardiovascular conditions.
Who is Most Vulnerable
Individuals with pre-existing heart conditions are particularly susceptible to adverse cardiovascular effects from edibles. This includes those with coronary artery disease, a history of arrhythmias, hypertension, or previous heart attack or stroke. Elderly individuals may also be more vulnerable due to age-related changes in cardiovascular health and metabolism.
Additionally, certain medications can dangerously interact with cannabis. These include blood thinners, statins, and various blood pressure medications, as cannabis can interfere with how the liver processes these drugs, potentially altering their effectiveness or increasing side effects. Individuals with a family history of heart disease should also exercise caution. Consulting a healthcare provider before using edibles is advisable for anyone with these risk factors.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Recognizing the signs that warrant immediate medical attention after consuming edibles is important. Seek medical attention for:
- Severe chest pain or pressure, which could indicate a serious cardiac event.
- Unusual or severe shortness of breath.
- Prolonged or recurrent dizziness or fainting spells.
- Sustained or severe palpitations, or any sensation of an irregular heartbeat.
- Extreme anxiety or panic attacks accompanied by physical symptoms like rapid heart rate or chest discomfort.
- Any other concerning or unusually severe symptoms, such as confusion or persistent vomiting.