Bald eagles, the national symbol of the United States, are present and thriving in Ohio. Their current presence marks a significant conservation success story, highlighting the effectiveness of dedicated conservation efforts and the adaptability of these majestic birds.
The Resurgence of Eagles in Ohio
Ohio’s bald eagle population is flourishing across the state. In 2024, the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR) Division of Wildlife estimated 841 active bald eagle nests, indicating a robust population. While this number is a slight decrease from the 910 nests estimated in 2023, an 82% nest success rate and an average of 1.6 eaglets per active nest in 2024 suggest ongoing health and productivity.
Historically, bald eagles faced a drastic decline in Ohio, with only four nesting pairs recorded in 1979. This was primarily due to the widespread use of the pesticide DDT, which entered the food chain and caused eagles to lay eggs with dangerously thin shells that often broke during incubation. Habitat loss from logging and conversion to farmland also contributed to their decline.
The banning of DDT in the United States in 1972 was an important moment for eagle recovery. Coupled with habitat protection, reintroduction efforts, and the establishment of the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act, the population began to rebound. Bald eagles were removed from the federal list of threatened and endangered species in 2007, and from Ohio’s state list in 2012, marking a major conservation achievement.
Prime Eagle Habitats and Viewing
Bald eagles in Ohio prefer habitats near large bodies of water, including lakes, rivers, and wetlands, as these areas provide access to their primary food source: fish. Their nests are massive structures built high in mature trees like sycamores, oaks, and cottonwoods, often near these aquatic environments. Winter is an excellent time for viewing, as the absence of leaves on trees makes nests easier to spot and frozen water bodies can concentrate eagles in open areas.
The Lake Erie shoreline, particularly the western marsh region, serves as a stronghold for Ohio’s bald eagle population, boasting the highest concentration of nests. Specific locations known for frequent sightings include Magee Marsh Wildlife Area, Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge, East Harbor State Park, and Pickerel Creek Wildlife Area. In southern Ohio, major river systems like the Muskingum, Scioto, Hocking, and Great Miami rivers also offer opportunities to observe eagles.
When observing eagles, maintain a respectful distance to avoid disturbing them, especially near nests. Staying at least 100 yards away from a bird or its nest is recommended to prevent agitation or nest abandonment. Binoculars or a spotting scope can enhance the viewing experience while allowing observers to keep a safe distance.
Conservation and Coexistence
Maintaining the health of Ohio’s bald eagle population requires ongoing conservation efforts, even after their removal from endangered species lists. Bald eagles remain protected under both state law and the federal Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act. This act prohibits various actions, including taking, possessing, selling, or disturbing eagles, their parts, nests, or eggs without a permit. The term “disturb” is broadly defined to include any agitation that could cause injury, decrease productivity, or lead to nest abandonment.
Human activities can still impact eagles through habitat alteration, pollution, or inadvertent disturbance. Conservation management by the Ohio Division of Wildlife focuses on habitat preservation, particularly wetlands and wooded river corridors. Partnerships with wildlife rehabilitation facilities and landowners also contribute to their welfare.
Individuals can support bald eagle conservation by reporting active nests to the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, which helps biologists monitor population trends. Supporting wildlife conservation through initiatives like the sale of bald eagle conservation license plates or donations to wildlife funds also aids these efforts. Coexisting with these birds involves appreciating them from a distance and understanding the regulations in place to ensure their continued presence in Ohio’s skies.