The question of whether doves and pigeons are the same bird is a common source of confusion arising from language, not biology. Both names refer to members of the same group, yet they carry different cultural associations. The technical answer depends on whether one uses precise scientific language or inconsistent everyday speech. This distinction explains why both terms persist.
The Biological Reality
Scientifically, there is no formal taxonomic separation between a dove and a pigeon. All birds commonly known by either name belong to the single avian family called Columbidae. This family is the only one within the order Columbiformes. From a biological standpoint, the terms are entirely interchangeable.
The family Columbidae encompasses approximately 350 species worldwide. All share a characteristic stout body, a relatively small head, and a short, slender bill. These birds are found on nearly every continent, adapting to habitats from dense forests to large urban centers. Since “dove” and “pigeon” are not distinct scientific ranks like genus or species, they do not denote separate biological groups.
How Common Usage Divides Them
Despite the scientific unity, two distinct names exist in common English because of arbitrary usage based primarily on physical appearance. The general rule is that “pigeon” is typically assigned to the larger, stockier species in the family. These species often have a more robust build and a greater body mass. Conversely, the term “dove” is usually reserved for the smaller, more delicate, and more slender-bodied species. This distinction is inconsistent and arbitrary, varying geographically and culturally, but it serves as the main descriptive separation in common language.
Noteworthy Members of the Family
The arbitrary nature of common naming is best illustrated by specific examples within the Columbidae family. The bird most often seen in city parks and squares, known as the Feral Pigeon, is scientifically the Rock Dove (Columba livia). The use of both “pigeon” and “dove” for the same species highlights the lack of a true biological boundary between the terms.
Furthermore, the white birds often released at ceremonial events are frequently white homing pigeons, which are domesticated descendants of the Rock Dove. These are sometimes called “doves” to capitalize on the symbolic association with peace, even though they are common city pigeons. A species like the Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura), common across North America, fits the “dove” description due to its smaller, more streamlined appearance. Conversely, the larger Victoria Crowned Pigeon is always labeled a pigeon.