Donkeys have been integral to human societies for millennia, serving in agriculture, transport, and as companions. Despite their historical importance and ongoing contributions, concerns about their current conservation status are increasing. This article explores the challenges donkeys face and the efforts underway to protect their populations.
Current Conservation Status of Donkeys
The conservation status of donkeys varies depending on whether they are wild or domesticated. Domesticated donkeys (Equus asinus) are not currently classified as endangered by major conservation organizations like the IUCN Red List. Globally, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) reported an increase in the global donkey population from 41.9 million in 2001 to 53.0 million in 2021. This overall increase, however, can mask significant regional declines.
Conversely, wild ass species face a more precarious situation. The African Wild Ass (Equus africanus) is categorized as Critically Endangered by the IUCN Red List, with potentially as few as 70 individuals remaining in the wild. Similarly, some subspecies of the Asiatic Wild Ass (Equus hemionus), such as the Persian wild ass or onager (Equus hemionus onager), are also Critically Endangered. The Indian Wild Ass (Equus hemionus khur) was once endangered but its population has recently seen a rise to 7,672 individuals in 2024, demonstrating a 26.14% increase from 2020.
Primary Threats to Donkey Populations
A major threat to donkey populations globally is the escalating demand for ejiao, a traditional Chinese medicine derived from gelatin found in donkey hides. Estimates suggest between 2.3 million and 4.8 million donkeys are killed annually for their hides. This trade could halve the global domesticated donkey population within five years if current rates continue. The trade has particularly impacted African countries, leading to significant declines in regional donkey numbers, such as a 70% decrease in Botswana’s donkey population between 2011 and 2021.
Beyond the ejiao trade, increasing mechanization of agriculture and transport roles traditionally filled by donkeys also poses a threat. As motorized vehicles and modern farming techniques become more prevalent, the need for donkeys in their traditional working capacities diminishes. This shift can lead to reduced value for donkeys within communities, sometimes resulting in abandonment or neglect. In some European regions, donkey populations have declined due to mechanization.
Inadequate welfare practices and habitat loss also contribute to the challenges faced by donkeys. Donkeys are often subjected to poor conditions, including lack of sufficient food and water, injuries, and disease. The expansion of human activities and infrastructure encroaches on natural grazing lands, leading to habitat fragmentation and increased human-wildlife conflict, especially for wild ass species. These factors collectively stress donkey populations, making them more vulnerable to decline.
Global Conservation Initiatives
Global initiatives are actively working to protect donkeys and address the threats they face. Organizations such as The Donkey Sanctuary are at the forefront of these efforts, working to improve donkey welfare worldwide. They engage in advocacy, education, and scientific research to find long-term solutions.
A primary focus is combating the illegal donkey skin trade. Campaigns are underway to halt the slaughter of donkeys for their skins and to lobby shipping companies and online platforms to cease their involvement. The African Union has announced a ban on the donkey skin trade across Africa, a significant step to protect millions of donkeys. Efforts are also being made to raise awareness about the impacts of ejiao and to promote humane and sustainable alternatives, including cellular agriculture-derived collagen.
Conservation initiatives also extend to rescuing and rehabilitating donkeys, providing sanctuary for those mistreated or abandoned. Organizations offer direct care, veterinary services, and rehoming programs. Beyond rescue, there is an emphasis on educating donkey owners and communities on proper care, husbandry, and responsible ownership practices to improve overall donkey welfare. These programs aim to ensure donkeys receive appropriate care.