Dogfish are small, common sharks found globally in a wide range of marine environments, including the Atlantic, Pacific, and Eastern Indian Oceans, as well as the Mediterranean and Black Seas. The name “dogfish” originates from their observed tendency to hunt in packs, reminiscent of canines. This article clarifies the risks associated with dogfish encounters, focusing on their natural defensive mechanisms.
Understanding Dogfish Defenses
Spiny dogfish, the most recognized type, have sharp, mildly toxic spines positioned in front of each of their two dorsal fins. These spines serve as a defense against predators like larger sharks, seals, and orcas. If a human is pricked by these spines, the mild venom can cause localized pain, swelling, and redness, though it is generally not considered life-threatening.
While dogfish possess teeth, bites are rare and typically occur only when the animal feels provoked or is handled improperly. Their teeth are small, numerous, and blunt, primarily designed for grasping and holding prey rather than for inflicting deep wounds. The bite force of a spiny dogfish is relatively weak, and a bite is more likely to result in a minor scrape or pinch rather than a severe injury. Therefore, the primary concern regarding dogfish interaction stems from their venomous spines, not their biting capability.
Minimizing Risk During Encounters
Caution is important when encountering dogfish, especially for anglers. Observe dogfish from a distance and avoid provoking or directly interacting with them in their natural habitat. When handling a caught dogfish, wearing durable gloves is recommended to protect against spine punctures. Anglers can also use a de-hooking tool to remove hooks while keeping the fish in the water, minimizing direct contact. Some handling techniques involve firmly gripping the head and tail simultaneously, which helps to control the fish and prevent it from arching its back and deploying its spines.
For a spine puncture, immediately clean the wound with soap and water to reduce infection risk. Applying heat to the injured area is highly effective, as the dogfish venom is thermolabile. Immerse the affected limb in hot water, approximately 40-45°C (104-113°F), for 30 to 90 minutes to help break down the toxin and alleviate pain. Carefully remove any visible spine fragments, and seek medical attention if pain persists, swelling becomes extensive, or if signs of infection develop, such as increased redness, pus, or fever. An up-to-date tetanus vaccination is also a sensible precaution for puncture wounds.