Coyotes are present throughout Tennessee, having successfully adapted to various environments across the state. These adaptable canines are a common component of Tennessee’s wildlife, thriving in natural and human-modified landscapes.
Statewide Presence
Coyotes are found in all 95 counties of Tennessee. While once primarily in the state’s western regions, their population has expanded across Middle and East Tennessee, moving eastward during the 1960s and early 1970s.
They inhabit a wide range of habitats, including rural farmlands, forests, shrublands, and suburban and urban environments. Their successful colonization is attributed to their adaptability and abundant food sources. They are observed in major cities, thriving close to human populations.
Understanding Coyote Behavior
Coyotes are dog-like in appearance, typically resembling a small German Shepherd, with long, slender legs and a bushy tail often carried low. Their fur color varies, usually ranging from light gray to dull yellow with black-tipped outer hairs. They possess a narrow muzzle, long, pointed ears, and can weigh between 18 and 30 pounds, with a length of 39.5 to 54 inches including their tail.
These canines are primarily nocturnal, meaning they are most active during the night and early morning hours, though they may also show sporadic activity during the day. They are opportunistic omnivores, consuming a wide variety of foods. Their diet primarily consists of small mammals like rabbits and rodents, birds, insects, and carrion. In urban settings, they readily scavenge from garbage cans and may consume pet food left outdoors.
Coyotes are often solitary animals, but they can form small family groups or even packs to hunt more efficiently. They communicate through a range of vocalizations, including mournful howls, which can now be heard across the state. Breeding typically occurs in February and March, with females giving birth to litters of usually 5 to 7 pups after a gestation period of 58 to 63 days.
Living Alongside Coyotes
Coexisting with coyotes involves understanding their behavior and implementing strategies to minimize potential conflicts. Coyotes generally avoid human interaction, but they can become habituated if they associate humans with food. Therefore, it is important to never intentionally feed coyotes, as this can lead to them losing their natural fear and becoming bolder around people.
To protect pets, it is advisable to supervise them when they are outdoors, especially small dogs (under 40 pounds) and cats, as they can be vulnerable to coyotes. Securing food sources, such as pet food, birdseed, and garbage, is also important to prevent attracting coyotes to residential areas. Using trash barrels with tight-fitting, clamp-down lids can deter them from scavenging.
For property protection, securing livestock enclosures and installing effective fencing can help deter coyotes, as they are capable of digging under or climbing over fences. If an encounter occurs, hazing techniques can be employed to reinforce their natural fear of humans. This includes making loud noises, waving arms, or throwing small objects towards them to scare them away. Maintaining a safe distance and not approaching them is always recommended.