Coyotes are adaptable canids found across North America, including Maryland. They navigate diverse environments throughout the state, demonstrating their flexibility as a species.
Coyote Presence Across Maryland
Coyotes are established throughout Maryland, inhabiting all 23 counties and Baltimore City. Their population densities are higher in the western parts of the state, gradually decreasing towards the Eastern Shore. Despite their wide distribution, these animals often go unnoticed by many residents, as they are adept at coexisting with humans while remaining out of sight.
Coyotes thrive in a range of environments, from woodlands and farmlands to suburban corridors and urban fringes. Their presence in developed areas shows their opportunistic nature and ability to adapt to human-modified landscapes. Although sightings may be low compared to other wildlife, their statewide presence confirms their establishment in Maryland’s ecosystems.
How Coyotes Arrived in Maryland
Coyotes were historically concentrated in the western and central United States. Their eastward expansion across North America began in the early 20th century, facilitated by landscape changes. The alteration or elimination of larger competing predators, such as wolves and mountain lions, during the post-European colonization period created an ecological opening for coyotes.
This expansion occurred along two primary routes: a northern path through Canada and the Great Lakes region, and a southern route across the Mississippi River and through the southeastern states. Maryland and Delaware were among the last states in the East to be colonized by coyotes, as these expansion fronts converged. The first documented sightings in Maryland occurred in 1972, with initial reports from Cecil, Frederick, and Washington counties. Since then, their occupied range and population densities have gradually increased across the state.
Coexisting with Coyotes
Coexisting with coyotes requires understanding their behavior and minimizing potential conflicts. If you encounter a coyote that does not appear fearful of humans, hazing techniques can be effective. This involves making loud noises, such as shouting or clapping, waving your arms to appear larger, or throwing small objects like sticks or stones near the animal to startle it. Avoid running away, as this can trigger a chase response.
Protecting pets requires vigilance, especially during dawn and dusk when coyotes are most active. Keep cats indoors and supervise dogs when outside, always walking them on a leash. Securing food sources is also important; avoid feeding pets outdoors or ensure bowls are promptly removed after meals. Secure trash cans, clean up fallen fruit from trees, and clear dense brush near your home, as these can attract coyotes seeking food or shelter. Conflicts with coyotes are infrequent, and most can be prevented by discouraging them from becoming accustomed to human presence and resources.