The relationship between corn snakes and rat snakes often causes confusion. Many wonder if these commonly encountered snake types are distinct or share a closer connection, prompting a need for clarification regarding their classification and shared characteristics.
Corn Snakes: A Member of the Rat Snake Family
Corn snakes, scientifically known as Pantherophis guttatus, are a type of rat snake. They belong to the genus Pantherophis, which encompasses many North American rat snake species. Historically, corn snakes were classified under the genus Elaphe, but advanced genetic analysis revealed that North American rat snakes are more closely related to each other than to Old World Elaphe species, leading to their reclassification into Pantherophis.
As rat snakes, corn snakes share common traits with their relatives. They are non-venomous constrictors, subduing their small prey, primarily rodents, by coiling around them. These snakes play a beneficial role in ecosystems by helping to control rodent populations. Corn snakes reach an adult length of 2 to 6 feet, usually 3 to 4 feet, and are known for their docile nature.
Key Differences Among Rat Snakes
While corn snakes are part of the broader rat snake family, distinct features differentiate them from other Pantherophis species. Corn snakes are recognized by their vibrant coloration, orange or brownish-yellow with large, black-bordered red or orange blotches running down their backs. Their belly displays a distinctive black and white checkerboard pattern, and a spear-shaped marking is found on their head and neck.
Other North American rat snakes, such as the Eastern Rat Snake (Pantherophis alleghaniensis) and the Western Rat Snake (Pantherophis obsoletus), exhibit different characteristics. Eastern Rat Snakes are often shiny black as adults and can reach lengths of up to 7 feet or more, making them larger than most corn snakes. The Western Rat Snake, which includes variations like the Texas Rat Snake, can be quite large and displays patterns ranging from blotches to stripes, in shades of brown, gray, and black. Unlike the docile corn snake, Texas Rat Snakes are sometimes more temperamental.
Rat snakes within the Pantherophis genus inhabit diverse environments across central and eastern North America. Corn snakes are prevalent in the southeastern and central United States, favoring habitats like pine woods, swamps, and even suburban areas. In contrast, Black Rat Snakes are found across a wider range of habitats, including forests and fields, and are known for their climbing abilities. These variations in appearance, size, and habitat underscore the diversity within the larger rat snake group.
Understanding Snake Naming Conventions
The confusion surrounding corn snakes and rat snakes stems from how common names are used. Common names, like “corn snake” or “rat snake,” can vary regionally and are not always precise in their scientific classification. For instance, the corn snake is sometimes referred to as the “red rat snake,” highlighting its connection to the broader group.
Scientific names, utilizing a system known as binomial nomenclature, offer a universal and precise method for classifying organisms. Each species receives a unique two-part Latinized name, consisting of its genus and species. This system ensures that scientists worldwide can refer to the exact same animal without ambiguity. While “rat snake” is a general term for many species within the Pantherophis genus, Pantherophis guttatus specifically identifies the corn snake, providing clear identification.