Coneflowers (Echinacea) are popular perennial additions to gardens, valued for their vibrant petals and hardiness in full sun. A common concern for gardeners is how these plants fare against local wildlife, particularly deer. This article details the deer resistance of coneflowers and offers practical advice for protecting them.
The General Rule of Coneflower Resistance
Coneflowers are widely recognized as deer-resistant, meaning they are seldom severely damaged by browsing animals. This resistance stems from a combination of chemical and textural features that make the plant unappealing. The plant’s natural defense system produces secondary metabolites that act as feeding deterrents.
These compounds include alkylamides and caffeic acid derivatives, such as chicoric acid, which create a bitter taste. These phytochemicals are present throughout the leaves and stems, making the foliage unpalatable. Deer actively avoid this unpleasant flavor profile when other food sources are available.
The physical structure of the coneflower also acts as a deterrent. Mature plants have leaves and stems with a coarse, slightly rough texture. Furthermore, the prominent, dome-shaped central cone is notably spiny and prickly. This rough texture is generally unpleasant for deer to chew, convincing them to seek smoother, more tender leaves. Coneflowers are thus a reliable choice for gardens in areas with moderate deer activity.
Factors Influencing Deer Preference
While coneflowers are generally resistant, they are not entirely deer-proof, and certain situations can override a deer’s natural aversion. The most significant factor is environmental stress, particularly severe hunger. During periods of drought or deep winter snow, when preferred forage is scarce, deer become opportunistic and will consume plants they would normally ignore.
Plant maturity also plays a role in vulnerability. Newly emerging foliage in the spring is significantly more tender and palatable than the mature plant. Young, tender growth is higher in nitrogen and protein content, making it an attractive target for deer seeking rich nutrients. Consequently, a young coneflower is more susceptible to browsing damage in its first season.
Cultivar differences can also influence attractiveness, as not all coneflowers possess the same concentration of deterrent compounds. Newer hybrid varieties, often bred for novel flower colors, may have slightly lower levels of the bitter-tasting alkylamides found in native species. Additionally, highly fertilized plants that receive excessive watering can develop soft, lush growth that is richer in nutrients and more appealing.
Practical Steps for Deterrence
Gardeners can reinforce the coneflower’s natural resistance and minimize browsing risk. One effective strategy is companion planting, surrounding coneflowers with plants that possess strong scents or fuzzy textures deer find offensive. Incorporating aromatic herbs like lavender, sage, or oregano helps mask the coneflower’s scent and creates a natural barrier.
For young or newly planted coneflowers, temporary physical barriers are a reliable short-term solution. Installing small wire cages or sections of chicken wire around vulnerable plants prevents browsing. These barriers can be removed once the plants reach maturity and their stems toughen.
The application of topical deer repellents provides another layer of protection in high-pressure areas. Commercial repellents often use ingredients like rotten eggs, capsaicin, or garlic to create an offensive odor or taste. These products must be reapplied regularly, typically every two to four weeks and after heavy rain, to maintain effectiveness.