Chameleons are not native to Hawaii; they are an introduced species that have established populations across the islands. Their presence is a direct result of human activity, not natural dispersal. These reptiles are now part of Hawaii’s diverse, yet fragile, ecosystem.
Non-Native Status and Origins
Chameleons arrived in Hawaii primarily through the pet trade. The most common species found in the wild is the Jackson’s chameleon (Chamaeleo jacksonii), native to Kenya and Tanzania. A significant introduction occurred in 1972 when 36 Jackson’s chameleons, originally destined for pet shops, were released in Kāneʻohe, Oahu.
These individuals quickly established a free-ranging population, leading to their spread across Oahu, Maui, Hawaii Island, and more recently, Kauai. While Jackson’s chameleons are most prevalent, the Veiled chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus), native to Yemen and Saudi Arabia, has also been illegally introduced, though eradication efforts have been more successful on Maui. Their presence is entirely due to human actions, whether intentional release or accidental escape.
Ecological Role in Hawaii
As an invasive species, chameleons impact Hawaii’s native ecosystem. They are opportunistic predators, consuming a wide variety of invertebrates, including native insects, spiders, and snails. Studies show native Hawaiian invertebrates can constitute up to 35% of their diet. This predation pressure affects Hawaii’s endemic species, which evolved in isolation without such predators and lack natural defenses.
Chameleons threaten vulnerable populations, including endangered land snails and native insects. Their ability to thrive in various forest environments allows them to compete with native wildlife for food resources. The long-term presence of these predators has contributed to the decline or local extinction of certain native species.
Controlling Invasive Populations
Efforts are underway to manage and control chameleon populations, especially on islands where they are not yet widely established, such as Kauaʻi and Lanaʻi. The Hawaii Department of Agriculture (HDOA) and local Invasive Species Committees (ISCs) lead these initiatives, often involving manual capture and removal. Public awareness and cooperation are important for control measures.
Residents and visitors are encouraged to report chameleon sightings, particularly on islands where they are less common. It is illegal to transport chameleons between islands or release them into the wild, with significant penalties. The HDOA also offers an amnesty program, allowing individuals to surrender illegal animals without prosecution. Researchers are exploring methods like chemical toxicants, such as acetaminophen, as a potential management technique.