Centipedes are fascinating invertebrates found worldwide. Many are curious about their presence in unique island ecosystems like Hawaii. This article explores their native status, how to identify common species, and important safety considerations.
Centipedes in Hawaii: Answering the Nativity Question
The Hawaiian giant centipede (Scolopendra subspinipes) is the most commonly encountered species in Hawaii, but it is not native. Also known as the Vietnamese or jungle centipede, it was likely introduced accidentally via ships, cargo, or plants. Historical records suggest this occurred before 1847, possibly by early Polynesian voyagers.
While Scolopendra subspinipes is the most significant species due to its size and bite, Hawaii is home to other centipede species. These include smaller varieties such as Lithobius sp. and Mecistocephalus maxillaris, which is also an introduced species from Asia. Although Hawaii does possess native centipede species, the large and widely recognized centipedes are primarily non-native introductions.
Identifying Common Hawaiian Centipedes
The Scolopendra subspinipes is the most commonly identified centipede in Hawaii due to its notable size. These centipedes typically measure between 4 and 10 inches, though some can grow up to 12 inches. Their bodies are distinctly segmented, featuring 21 segments, each bearing one pair of legs, totaling 44 legs.
Their coloration varies, often reddish-brown to dark green, with brown or reddish heads and yellow or yellow-orange legs. Some variations include dark brown bodies with yellow legs, or yellow-brown bodies with black stripes. These centipedes prefer dark, damp environments, found under rocks, logs, or leaf litter, and are primarily nocturnal.
Centipede Encounters and Safety
Encounters with Hawaiian centipedes, particularly Scolopendra subspinipes, can result in a painful bite. They are not aggressive but will bite when threatened, injecting venom through pincer-like forcipules near their head. The bite typically causes sharp, intense pain, often described as a burning sensation. Localized symptoms include swelling, redness, tenderness, and sometimes numbness or itching around the bite site.
Most symptoms are localized, but some individuals may experience systemic reactions like headache, nausea, or anxiety. Symptoms generally subside within a few days to a week, though they can occasionally persist for up to three weeks. Severe reactions, such as anaphylaxis, are possible but uncommon.
If bitten, clean the wound thoroughly with soap and water. Applying an ice pack can help reduce swelling and pain. Over-the-counter pain relievers and antihistamines can help manage discomfort and allergic reactions. Seek medical attention if symptoms are severe, persistent, or if an allergic reaction occurs.
To minimize centipede encounters, take certain precautions. Shaking out shoes, clothing, and bedding before use is common, as centipedes may seek refuge in these items. When gardening or working outdoors, wearing gloves provides protection. Indoors, seal cracks and crevices in foundations, walls, and around windows and doors to prevent entry. Reducing moisture and removing clutter, such as woodpiles and leaf litter, also deters them.