The berries of the camphor tree, scientifically known as Cinnamomum camphora, are poisonous and contain potent toxic compounds that pose a serious health risk if ingested. This evergreen tree, native to Asia but now found globally, produces fruit that contains high concentrations of volatile oils. All parts of the plant are potentially harmful, but the toxicity is particularly pronounced in the berries and derived oils, which can cause significant and rapid adverse health effects. Exposure requires immediate attention, especially when involving small children or pets.
Identifying the Camphor Tree and Berries
The camphor tree is easily recognizable by its dense canopy and the distinct aromatic scent of its foliage. When a leaf is crushed, a strong, characteristic odor of camphor is immediately released. The leaves themselves are typically waxy and glossy, maintaining an evergreen appearance throughout the year.
The berries are small and globular, growing in clusters. They start as a dark green color and gradually change to a deep purple or black hue upon ripening, usually occurring in the late autumn and winter months. This small, dark fruit can sometimes be mistaken for an edible berry, which is why accurate identification is necessary for safety.
The Mechanism of Toxicity
The toxicity of the camphor tree berries stems from the presence of several volatile essential oils, predominantly the chemical compound camphor, which is a monoterpene ketone. These oils are concentrated within the fruit and are rapidly absorbed into the body when ingested. Camphor is quickly taken up through the gastrointestinal tract, with detectable concentrations appearing in the bloodstream within minutes.
Camphor acts primarily on the central nervous system. It is believed to interfere with neuronal activity, possibly by affecting the oxidation cycle within the nerve cells. This disruption can lead to anoxia, or oxygen deprivation, in the neurons, which explains the rapid onset of neurological symptoms. Even a small amount of the berries can deliver a significant toxic dose.
Symptoms of Ingestion and Severity
The effects of camphor berry ingestion are dose-dependent, meaning the amount consumed dictates the severity of the reaction. Symptoms often appear rapidly, sometimes within five to fifteen minutes of consumption, due to the quick absorption of the oil. Mild toxicity typically presents as gastrointestinal distress, including a burning sensation in the mouth and throat, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
More severe effects involve the central nervous system. Individuals may experience confusion, agitation, anxiety, and delirium. Muscle twitching, tremors, and hyperreflexia can quickly escalate to generalized tonic-clonic convulsions, which are often the first sign of significant poisoning. Ingestion of more than 30 milligrams of camphor per kilogram of body weight is considered the threshold for serious toxicity. A dose of 0.5 to 1 gram is estimated to be potentially lethal for a young child. The most dangerous outcomes, including respiratory depression and death, are a result of sustained seizures or respiratory failure.
Immediate Steps After Exposure
If camphor tree berries are ingested, immediate medical intervention is necessary, even if the person appears asymptomatic. The first step is to contact a poison control center immediately for expert guidance (in the United States, call 1-800-222-1222). Provide the professional with the person’s age, weight, the amount of berries suspected to be swallowed, and the time of ingestion to help determine the proper course of action.
Do not attempt to induce vomiting unless specifically instructed to do so by a medical professional or poison control center, as this can sometimes worsen the situation. If the person is experiencing convulsions or a decreased level of consciousness, call emergency medical services immediately, as they will require transport to an emergency department.
Medical Observation and Prevention
Patients who have ingested over 30 milligrams per kilogram of body weight or who are symptomatic should be taken to a hospital for observation and supportive care. To prevent future incidents, any fallen berries or accessible parts of the tree should be safely removed from areas frequented by children and pets.