Ocular symptoms, or those affecting the eyes, have drawn particular attention during the COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding which eye symptoms may be linked to COVID-19 and which are due to other common causes is helpful. This article explores the relationship between burning eyes and COVID-19, other eye manifestations of the virus, and common non-COVID reasons for burning eyes.
Burning Eyes and COVID-19
While burning eyes can be a symptom of COVID-19, it is not considered one of the most common or primary indicators. This symptom is relatively infrequent, with studies indicating that around 11% of COVID-19 patients experience eye pain or burning.
Burning eyes, when associated with COVID-19, often present as part of conjunctivitis, commonly known as pink eye. This can occur because SARS-CoV-2 can enter cells through an enzyme called ACE2, which is found in ocular membranes. Burning eyes can appear within the first week post-infection, persisting for up to nine weeks, and do not always correlate with other common COVID-19 symptoms like fever or cough.
Other Ocular Manifestations of COVID-19
Beyond burning eyes, COVID-19 can manifest through various other symptoms, often as part of a broader inflammatory response. Conjunctivitis is a frequently reported ocular manifestation, characterized by redness, watering, and sometimes discharge. This inflammation of the conjunctiva, the clear membrane covering the white part of the eye, can be a direct effect of the virus or a result of the body’s inflammatory reaction.
Additional ocular symptoms experienced by COVID-19 patients include foreign body sensation, dryness, itching, and light sensitivity. These can sometimes be among the initial signs of the illness. While the prevalence of ocular manifestations varies, some reports suggest they could affect between 2% and 32% of patients. More severe, though less common, ocular complications such as retinal vein occlusion or “cotton wool” spots, which indicate tissue damage in the retina, have also been observed.
Common Non-COVID Causes of Burning Eyes
Burning eyes are a general symptom that can arise from many common, non-COVID-related conditions and environmental factors. One frequent cause is dry eyes, which occurs when the eyes do not produce enough tears or when tears evaporate too quickly, leading to a gritty, stinging, or burning sensation. Allergies, such as hay fever, are another prevalent cause, often accompanied by itching, redness, and watery eyes. Exposure to allergens like pollen, dust, or pet dander can trigger these symptoms.
Environmental irritants are also contributors to burning eyes. Smoke, smog, chemicals like chlorine, and even certain cosmetic products or cleaning supplies can irritate the eyes and cause a burning sensation. Eye strain, particularly from prolonged use of digital screens, can lead to burning and discomfort. Conditions like blepharitis, an inflammation of the eyelids often due to bacterial infection or blocked oil glands, can cause burning, crusting around the eyes, and redness. Contact lens issues, such as wearing lenses for too long or improper cleaning, can also result in burning eyes.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Seek medical attention for burning eyes if symptoms are severe, persistent, or accompanied by other concerning signs. If the burning sensation lasts for more than a week or two, or if it is severe and interferes with daily activities, consulting an eye doctor is advisable. Immediate medical attention is warranted if burning eyes are accompanied by sudden blurry vision, sensitivity to light, or significant eye pain.
Other red-flag symptoms include discharge that is thick, greenish, or pus-like, sudden vision changes, or seeing flashing lights or new floaters. Swelling in the eyelids or the eye itself, or if the burning is unilateral (in one eye) with severe pain, also indicates a need for prompt evaluation. While mild burning eyes can often be managed with home remedies like cool compresses or artificial tears, professional medical advice is crucial for persistent or worsening symptoms.