Buckeye nuts are poisonous to humans and many animals. The nuts, along with other parts of the buckeye tree, contain compounds that can cause adverse reactions if ingested. While they might resemble edible nuts, consuming them without proper detoxification can lead to various health issues.
Toxic Compounds in Buckeye Nuts
Buckeye nuts primarily contain toxic compounds known as glycosidic saponins, with aesculin being a prominent example. These naturally occurring substances are found throughout the buckeye plant, including the leaves, bark, and especially the seeds. Aesculin, in particular, affects the central nervous system. Other saponins present can contribute to the overall toxicity. These compounds can irritate the digestive system and disrupt normal neurological processes.
Symptoms of Buckeye Nut Poisoning
Ingestion of buckeye nuts can lead to a range of symptoms, primarily affecting the gastrointestinal and nervous systems. Common gastrointestinal signs include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Neurological symptoms can also manifest, such as muscle weakness, trembling, and a staggering gait. Affected individuals may exhibit dilated pupils, depression, or even excitement. In more severe cases, particularly with larger ingestions, symptoms can progress to muscle twitching, paralysis, stupor, or convulsions. The severity of symptoms can vary based on the amount of nuts ingested and the individual’s sensitivity.
Steps to Take After Ingestion
If buckeye nuts have been ingested, contact a poison control center or seek medical attention without delay. In the United States, Poison Control can be reached by calling 1-800-222-1222, and they offer guidance online or by phone 24/7. It is important to describe the amount ingested and any symptoms observed, and do not attempt to induce vomiting unless specifically instructed to do so by a medical professional or poison control expert. Gathering any remaining nuts or plant parts can be helpful for identification by medical staff. If the individual collapses, has a seizure, experiences trouble breathing, or cannot be awakened, call 911 immediately.
Identifying Buckeye Trees and Nuts
Distinguishing buckeye trees and their nuts from other plants, particularly edible chestnuts, is important. Buckeye trees typically have palmately compound leaves, meaning multiple leaflets radiate from a central point, often in groups of five. In contrast, true chestnuts have simple, toothed leaves. The bark of buckeye trees can range from smooth and light gray to scaly or fissured with age. The nuts are a key identifier. Buckeye nuts are shiny, dark brown with a distinctive, lighter circular “eye” or scar where they were attached to the husk. They are encased in a leathery, often spiny or bumpy husk. Buckeye trees are common across the Midwest and extend into states like Pennsylvania, Michigan, Illinois, and south to Alabama and Texas.