Blue tarantulas are venomous, possessing a toxin they inject through a bite, but they are not poisonous. The danger depends heavily on the specific species, as the common name “blue tarantula” refers to several, including the Cobalt Blue (Cyriopagopus lividus) and the Gooty Sapphire Ornamental (Poecilotheria metallica). While tarantula venom is generally not considered life-threatening to a healthy human, effects can range from a mild bee sting sensation to severe pain and systemic symptoms. These spiders use venom primarily to subdue prey and only bite humans in self-defense when threatened.
Clarifying the Danger: Venomous vs. Poisonous
Understanding the risk posed by any animal requires distinguishing between poisonous and venomous. An organism is classified as poisonous if it contains toxins that cause harm when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. Conversely, an animal is venomous if it actively delivers a toxin into another organism, typically using a specialized structure like fangs or a stinger. All tarantulas, including blue species, fall strictly into the venomous category because they possess fangs connected to venom glands used to inject toxins. They are not considered poisonous since they are not toxic to the touch or when eaten.
The Nature of Blue Tarantula Venom
Tarantula venom is a complex biological cocktail consisting primarily of neurotoxins and digestive enzymes. Neurotoxins are small proteins and peptides that target the prey’s nervous system, causing rapid paralysis or death. Digestive enzymes then begin breaking down the prey’s internal tissues for consumption. The medical significance of the venom varies considerably depending on whether the species is Old World or New World.
Blue tarantulas like the Gooty Sapphire Ornamental are Old World species from Asia, and their venom is generally more potent than that of their New World counterparts. This stronger venom is described as medically significant, meaning a bite may require professional medical attention, though it is not typically lethal. The toxins often target ion channels, leading to more severe and widespread symptoms.
Symptoms and Necessary Care Following a Bite
A bite from a potent blue tarantula, such as the Gooty Sapphire, can be intensely painful at the site of injection. The initial pain is often followed by localized redness, swelling, and warmth in the affected area. More concerning are the systemic symptoms associated with the stronger venoms of Old World species. These can include severe muscle cramping, especially in the torso and limbs, elevated heart rate, nausea, and headache. Symptoms like muscle cramping and pain can persist for several days or even weeks.
If a bite occurs, gently clean the wound with soap and water to prevent secondary bacterial infection. Applying a cold compress or ice pack can help reduce swelling and localized pain, and elevating the affected limb minimizes swelling.
Seek professional medical attention immediately if signs of a severe allergic reaction occur, such as difficulty breathing, hives, or swelling of the face, lips, or throat. Medical consultation is also recommended if systemic symptoms, like severe muscle cramping or prolonged nausea, are present. A doctor can manage the severe symptoms and monitor for complications.
Beyond the Bite: The Risk of Urticating Hairs
Beyond the venomous bite, many tarantulas possess a secondary defense mechanism: urticating hairs. These tiny, barbed bristles are found on the abdomen of most New World tarantulas, though the Old World Gooty Sapphire does not have them. The tarantula defends itself by flicking these hairs into the air using its hind legs, creating an irritating cloud directed at a perceived threat. These hairs are not venomous but act as mechanical irritants.
Upon contact, the microscopic barbs embed themselves in the skin, causing intense itching, a rash, and localized inflammation (urticaria). The most serious concern arises if these hairs enter the eyes, causing severe inflammation and potential vision problems, or if they are inhaled, leading to respiratory irritation. If exposure occurs, avoid rubbing the area, and use adhesive tape to lift the embedded hairs from the skin.