Snakes are a common part of South Carolina’s diverse wildlife, found across various landscapes. Encounters with “black snakes” often spark curiosity, particularly regarding their potential venom. This article clarifies the identity and characteristics of South Carolina’s common black snakes, providing accurate information about their nature and ecological significance.
Identifying South Carolina’s Common Black Snakes
Two species are commonly identified as “black snakes” in South Carolina: the Eastern Rat Snake (Pantherophis alleghaniensis) and the Eastern Racer (Coluber constrictor). The Eastern Rat Snake is a large, non-venomous constrictor, often measuring between 3.5 and 7 feet in length. It features shiny black scales on its back, a light-colored belly, and a white chin and throat. These snakes are commonly found in fields, woodlands, farmlands, and suburban communities across the state.
The Eastern Racer, also known as the North American Racer, is another prevalent species, characterized by its slender body and smooth scales. Adults are typically solid black with a cream or white belly and can reach lengths from 24 to 60 inches. Unlike the Eastern Rat Snake, the Eastern Racer has no distinct patterns as an adult. Eastern Racers are adaptable and inhabit various environments, including brush, grasslands, and residential neighborhoods.
Are These Snakes Venomous?
The Eastern Rat Snake and Eastern Racer are not venomous. They do not produce or inject venom to subdue prey or defend themselves. The Eastern Rat Snake is a constrictor that wraps its body around prey to suffocate it. The Eastern Racer, known for its speed, overpowers its prey and swallows it whole.
Despite being non-venomous, these snakes may exhibit defensive behaviors if threatened. An Eastern Rat Snake might coil into an S-shape, hiss, strike, or vibrate its tail rapidly, which can sound similar to a rattlesnake in dry leaves. Eastern Racers may also bite repeatedly when handled or cornered, and can release a foul-smelling musk. While their bites are not venomous, they can be painful and may break the skin, requiring proper cleaning.
Behavior and Ecological Role of Black Snakes
Eastern Rat Snakes and Eastern Racers display distinct behaviors that reflect their roles in the ecosystem. Eastern Rat Snakes are excellent climbers, often seen scaling trees, barns, or houses in search of food. They are active hunters, preying on a variety of animals, including rodents, birds, and their eggs. Their diet makes them effective natural pest controllers, helping to manage populations of mice and rats.
Eastern Racers are fast-moving, active, and primarily diurnal, meaning they are active during the day. They are visual hunters, frequently raising their heads to survey their surroundings, a behavior known as “periscoping.” Their diet includes small rodents, frogs, lizards, other snakes, and insects. Both species contribute to the local food web by serving as prey for larger animals like hawks and other carnivores.
Distinguishing Features and Safe Encounters
Differentiating non-venomous black snakes from potentially venomous species involves observing general characteristics. Venomous snakes in South Carolina, such as pit vipers (copperheads, cottonmouths, and rattlesnakes), typically have triangular heads, vertical pupils, and often heat-sensing pits between their eyes and nostrils. Non-venomous snakes, like the Eastern Rat Snake and Eastern Racer, usually have slender, oval heads and round pupils. However, some non-venomous snakes can flatten their heads when threatened, making them appear triangular.
When encountering any snake, observe it from a safe distance and never attempt to approach, handle, or provoke it. Most snakes prefer to avoid human interaction and will retreat if given the opportunity. If a snake is in an undesirable location, such as a home or garage, contact a professional wildlife removal service. Wearing appropriate footwear and being cautious in areas where snakes might hide, such as tall grass, rock piles, or dense underbrush, can help prevent unintended encounters.