Encountering a large, dark snake in Georgia often raises immediate safety concerns, as the state is home to a diverse array of reptile species. The snakes commonly referred to as “black snakes” are widespread across the state, from the mountains to the coastal plains. Understanding the identity and nature of these creatures is the first step toward responsible coexistence.
The Definitive Answer: Non-Venomous Status
The most common large black snakes found throughout Georgia are not venomous. These species, including the Black Racer and the Eastern Rat Snake, belong to the family Colubridae, which comprises the vast majority of non-venomous snakes worldwide.
A snake is considered venomous if it injects a toxin through a bite using specialized fangs. Conversely, an animal is poisonous if it contains a toxin that is harmful upon ingestion or absorption. Georgia’s black snakes are neither poisonous nor venomous.
Any bite from these harmless species is purely defensive and lacks injected venom. While they pose no threat to human health, they will defend themselves if provoked or handled. Their presence benefits the ecosystem by acting as natural pest control. In Georgia, all non-venomous snakes are protected by law, making it illegal to harass or kill them.
Identifying Georgia’s Common Black Snakes
Three species primarily contribute to the general classification of a “black snake” in Georgia.
Black Racer (Coluber constrictor)
This is a slender, fast-moving snake reaching lengths up to six feet. Adults are uniformly glossy black with smooth scales, often featuring a white or gray chin and throat area. Black Racers are highly active during the day and will quickly flee if approached, though they may strike if cornered.
Eastern Rat Snake (Pantherophis alleghaniensis)
This is a larger, heavy-bodied snake that can grow up to seven feet and is an excellent climber. Adults are shiny black, but their scales are weakly keeled, giving them a slightly rougher texture than the Black Racer. Their belly often displays a noticeable black and white checkerboard pattern.
Eastern Kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula)
This common black snake typically grows between three and five feet. It has a glossy, smooth black body with a distinctive pattern of thin white or yellow bands that often form a chain-like appearance. Kingsnakes are resistant to pit viper venom and prey upon other snakes, including venomous ones. A subspecies found in northern Georgia, the Eastern Black Kingsnake, may be solid black with no banding.
Distinguishing Harmless Black Snakes from Venomous Look-Alikes
Correct identification is paramount, as Georgia is home to several venomous species, including pit vipers like the Cottonmouth, which can be dark in coloration. Pit vipers (Rattlesnakes, Copperheads, and Cottonmouths) possess universal physical traits that differentiate them from harmless black snakes.
The most reliable characteristic is the shape of the head; venomous pit vipers have a distinctly triangular or spade-shaped head that is much wider than their neck. Non-venomous snakes have a more rounded, slender head.
Pit vipers also possess elliptical, vertical pupils, often described as cat-like, while non-venomous snakes typically have round pupils. Additionally, pit vipers have a heat-sensing pit located between the eye and the nostril on each side of their face. While coloration can be misleading, these structural features provide a more consistent means of identification.
Three of Georgia’s venomous snakes are Rattlesnake species, which have a rattle on the end of their tail. However, Rat Snakes and Kingsnakes often vibrate their tails rapidly when agitated, which can mimic a rattle sound in dry leaves or grass. It is safest to observe the snake’s structural features from a distance rather than relying solely on sound.
Coexisting Safely: What to Do If You Encounter a Black Snake
Black snakes are beneficial members of the state’s ecosystem, playing a crucial role in controlling populations of pests like mice and rats. The Eastern Rat Snake, for instance, is highly valued by farmers for reducing rodent damage to crops and stored feed. The Kingsnake’s habit of eating other snakes, including venomous ones, further highlights their positive impact on the local environment.
The best approach when encountering any snake is to maintain a respectful distance and leave it undisturbed. Most snakes are shy and will retreat on their own if given space and time. Never attempt to capture, handle, or harass a snake, as this is when most defensive bites occur, even from non-venomous species. It is also illegal to harm non-venomous snakes in Georgia.
If a snake is found in a yard or structure, removing shelter and food sources is an effective long-term deterrent. This involves keeping grass closely mowed, clearing away piles of rocks, wood, or debris, and controlling rodent populations near the home. If a snake is found indoors or in a location posing a risk to pets or children, contact local animal control or a professional wildlife removal service for safe relocation.