Black millipedes are common invertebrates, often found in gardens and moist environments. A common concern is whether these creatures are “poisonous.” While not venomous like spiders or snakes, they possess a unique defense mechanism. This article clarifies their defenses, typical effects on humans and pets, and offers practical advice for safe interactions.
How Millipedes Defend Themselves
Millipedes do not bite or sting to inject toxins; instead, their primary defense involves secreting noxious fluids when threatened. These chemicals are released from specialized glands, called ozadenes, located along the sides of their segmented bodies. This defensive release is a passive mechanism, deterring predators through unpleasant properties rather than active attack.
The fluids can contain various compounds, including quinones, phenols, and even hydrogen cyanide, depending on the millipede species. These chemicals are designed to be irritating, foul-smelling, or unpalatable to discourage potential threats. Some millipede species can even spray these defensive fluids up to 32 inches away.
Impact on Humans and Pets
Contact with millipede secretions results in mild reactions for humans. Common symptoms include temporary skin irritation, such as redness, itching, or a burning sensation. The secretions can also cause temporary discoloration of the skin, often appearing yellowish, brownish, or violet, which may persist for days to weeks. An unpleasant odor may also accompany the contact.
Severe reactions are rare, generally limited to sensitive individuals or prolonged exposure. If secretions come into contact with sensitive areas like the eyes or mouth, more significant irritation, pain, and swelling can occur. For pets, ingestion can lead to symptoms like drooling, vomiting, or mild gastrointestinal upset. Serious harm to pets is uncommon, and symptoms are self-limiting.
Safe Handling and Encounter Tips
When encountering black millipedes, avoid direct skin contact. If you need to move them, gently guide them onto a piece of paper or use gloves. Should skin contact occur with the defensive secretions, thoroughly wash the affected area with soap and water immediately. Applying a cold compress can help alleviate itching and reduce swelling.
Seek medical attention if skin irritation persists, a suspected allergic reaction develops (such as hives or difficulty breathing), or if secretions enter the eyes or mouth. To prevent millipedes from entering your home, seal cracks and gaps in foundations, around windows, and doors. Reducing moisture around your home by clearing leaf litter, managing leaky pipes, and ensuring proper drainage can also deter them.